Nature of Punishment in the Medieval Period - 727 Words

Medieval Punishment Torture, pain, and death; they are three simple words that describe the nature of punishment under most Middle Age law codes. This paper will go over a few of the methods that were used on people to get confessions or to punish them for crimes that would seem rather insignificant today and then focus on the humanitarian response which evolved into the modern penal code. The definition of torture is infliction of severe physical pain on somebody, e.g. as punishment or to persuade somebody to confess or recant something. (bing.com/Dictionary) Torture was not a means of proof, but rather of obtaining a confession that could stand in court. If the court decided that a confession could be obtained, then the accused was given religious encouragement to confess. This was followed by a display of the instruments of torture in order to encourage confession. Not only were these methods creative, but they were generally effective as well. Numerous devices were created to not only prolong the sessions of torture but to be as scary as possible. A few of the devices are called The Pear of Anguish, The Iron Maiden, and Thumbscrews just to name a few. Perhaps the most commonly know device is called The Rack. Victims of The Rack were often tied down while a wheel or crank or other type of mechanical device would turn and tighten the ropes. Such actions would more often than not cause dislocations in joints. If the device was cranked even more, then eventually, itShow MoreRelatedMedieval Vs. Renaissance Literature1323 Words   |  6 PagesMedieval and Renaissance Literature The medieval literature is a clear depiction of the Christian’s changed perception in relation to Christ’s second coming. Initially, the majority of the readings focused entirely on three aspects that resonate around Jesus’ second coming, an anticipated resurrection for the faithful and the ultimate judgment. Judgment in this case was beyond human comprehension and it was regarded as God’s preserve. With the ‘second coming’ becoming extremely remote, middleRead MoreHow The Roman Catholic Church s Stance On Peaceful Conversion Was Overcome By Local Christian Communities1524 Words   |  7 PagesConversion in Medieval Iberia can invoke ambivalent feelings. Christians originally wanted to convert Jews and Muslims through kind words and religious teachings from the Bible. This idea, nevertheless, evolved over the centuries and Christians began converting non-believers through violence and compulsion. Also, even after individuals were converted, Christians did not fully trust their motivations, and believed they would remiss into their old religions. While Marian miracles did help alleviateRead MoreThe Catholic Church s Stance On Peaceful Conversion1587 Words   |  7 PagesConversion to Christianity in Medieval Iberia invoked ambivalent feelings among Christians at the time. Christians in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries intended to convert Jews and Muslims through kind words and religious teachings from the Bible. This idea of peaceful conversion, nevertheless, evolved and Christians began converting non-believers through violence and compulsion. Also, even after individuals were converted, Christians did not always fully trust their motivations, and believedRead MoreCrime and Punishment934 Words   |  4 PagesCrime and Punishment Criminology Rawphina Maynor Mr. Arata Saturday AM Crime and punishment through time has made some dramatic changes. The earliest form of written code is the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi, though most of western law comes from Ancient Rome. In 451 BC the Roman Republic issued the Law of the Twelve Tables that constituted the basis of Roman law. Theft and assault were crimes committed against individual and required the victim to prosecute the offender before the appropriateRead More The Rise Of Christianity Essay1320 Words   |  6 Pageseventually the ruling elite. Based on ancient scriptures, with a solid creation myth, its own collection of inspired writings, a convincing story about the appearance of God as a man (e.g. Jesus), a morality based upon personal maturity rather than harsh punishment, role models for both men and women, and a good organizational structure. Christianity was destined to grow to become the dominant religion. Greek philosophy was eventually extinguished by the hostility of Christianity towards other belie fs. ManyRead MoreThe Declaration Of Church Authority Over Marriage1647 Words   |  7 PagesPrior to the twelfth century, marriage law was perceived as being secular, however, the declaration of Church authority over marriage in the twelfth century meant that its rules were highly important in the period 1100-1500. The Church claimed control over the ‘definition’, ‘formation’, ‘validity’ and ‘qualities’ of marriage, with these rules being assimilated into the lives of Western people. While it can be argued that this authority was inconsistent, with insubordination being rife, the sheerRead MoreWitchcraft1717 Words   |  7 Pagesduring this period as they were a target community for accusations for practicing witchcraft. This affected their lives greatly but it also affected the community of 16th and 17th century Europe, North America and World in general. 16th and 17th century were marked by big changes as the unity of faith had fallen apart and Antiquity was restored. The oneness of the Catholic Church was destroyed by the reformation and people established a new relationship with God, nature and art. ThisRead MoreThe Historical Development That Truly Define The Renaissance As Rebirth1441 Words   |  6 Pagesloves being with people. Luther located most of his stress upon the celebrity fact of their confirmation of the believer. Luther was cheerful to grant the government to handle the control of church. Q.2 A) The most famous painter in Renaissance time period was Leonardo da Vinci. Because, Leonardo was an artist and a scientist. Leonardo was and is great principally as a painter. The Mona Lisa is one the brilliant paintings of Leonardo. He completed the support of enough modern life. The airplane wasRead MoreA Realistic Twist on an Ancient Myth Essay1155 Words   |  5 Pagespeasants and kings alike were drawn to the epic and often-heroic tales told by bards. Much like the modern audiences of movies today, these often-fantasized tales captivated their listeners and gave a microscopic glimpse into the culture of the medieval period. Today, there is no doubt that 21st century America is a vast and very divergent world than that of the writers of early British literature. However, nearly a thousand years after the original stories were written, American culture is still greatlyRead MoreThe Effect Of The Black Plague On The Economic Situation Of England1675 Words   |  7 Pagesdocumen ts, with the exception of document 60 which was written in 1349 and 1350, were all written contemporarily with the event. This paper will take approach A, attempting to create a unique thesis for each document individually due to the differing nature of the documents. Document 60 on wage and price regulations contains the Ordinance of Labourers, 1349 and the London Wage and Price Regulations, 1350. Both of these are laws issued by Parliament in order to combat the numerous effects of the Black

Unnatural Offences Section 377 Of Ipc - 1530 Words

III. UNNATURAL OFFENCES: SECTION 377 OF IPC ‘Unnatural’ sexual offence is a consensual sexual act between its players, active or passive. Section 377 of IPC prohibits a consensual homosexual act between two adults even if it is done in private. Roots of this section are biblical and based on the principle that sexual activity is for procreation only. Any sexual act, therefore, not fitting that role is considered unnatural and against the order of nature. 3.1 Legislative paradigm Section 377 IPC deals with unnatural carnal intercourse against the order of nature. It consists of penetration per anus. Consent of the parties here is immaterial and the party consenting is equally liable as an abettor. The unnatural offences discussed under this section are: i. Sodomy, and ii. Bestiality Sodomy: The word sodomy generally connotes to intercourse per anum by a man with a man or a woman. Sodomy may either be homosexual or heterosexual. Consent is not a defense to the charge under this section. Bestiality: Bestiality means the sexual intercourse either by man or by woman carried out in a way with a beast (animal) or a bird. This section is gender neutral and is applicable on women as well. However, this section is not attracted if the act is done either by a man or a woman with an inanimate object. It is important to note a few distinct aspect of unnatural offence criminalized under Section 377 IPC. ï€ ­ First, it is a consensual sexual act between its players, active or passive. ï€ ­Show MoreRelatedUnnatural Offences : Section 377 Of Ipc Essay1530 Words   |  7 PagesIII. UNNATURAL OFFENCES: SECTION 377 OF IPC ‘Unnatural’ sexual offence is a consensual sexual act between its players, active or passive. Section 377 of IPC prohibits a consensual homosexual act between two adults even if it is done in private. Roots of this section are biblical and based on the principle that sexual activity is for procreation only. Any sexual act, therefore, not fitting that role is considered unnatural and against the order of nature. 3.1 Legislative paradigm Section 377 IPCRead MoreRe Thinking Queer Bodies Through Law1412 Words   |  6 Pagesqueer subject. The colonial administration created the category of the queer subject as a result of governance, i.e. through the adoption of Indian Penal Code (‘IPC’) in 1860. Section 377 of the IPC criminalized sexual offense against the order of nature (non-procreative sex). The paper historically draws out Section 377 of the IPC. Through a close reading of the judgment the paper focuses on analysing the limits that the law poses to a discussion of sexuality. The paper, while recognising theRead MoreHOMOSEXUAL RELATIONSHIP8410 Words   |  34 Pagesthe  moralists  and  liberalists  can be, perhaps, best shown with the help of  Tihar Jail Sex Imbroglio. In India, homosexuality is not directly targeted by law. However, it is indirectly regulated by section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, which makes the act of carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, wom an or animal an offence. Between, February and April 1994, there were several reports in national newspapers about the existence of rampant homosexuality at Tihar jail in New Delhi. The doctors recommendedRead MoreThe Indian Constitution Cornerstone Of A Nation Essay1997 Words   |  8 Pagesfavor of the LGBTs in the year 2009 in the landmark judgment of NAZ Foundation v Government of N.C.T Delhi (hereinafter referred to as the NAZ Foundation case), declaring Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code which criminalizes homosexuality in India to be unconstitutional and violative of Articles 14, 15 and 21 and read down the section, allowing consensual sexual activity between two homosexuals above 18 years of age. The matter went to appeal to the Supreme Court of India in Suresh Kumar Koushal andRead MoreThe Connection Between Law And Morality1718 Words   |  7 Pagesconveniently abused for lowering the public morals. While highlighting the interplay of law and morality, the Supreme Court of India in Ranjit D. Udeshi v, State of Maharashtra by applying the Hicklin test upheld the constitutionality of section 292 of IPC. This clearly indicates that the framers of the Constitution of India did not completely ignore moral element in law. The courts, however, are expected to preserve the ethical values of law by judicial intervention whenever the laws framed byRead MoreArticle Review On Indian Penal Code2568 Words   |  11 Pageshundred and eleven sections. The Code starts with an introduction, provides explanations and exceptions used in it, and covers a wide range of offences. Basically IPC here is covering entire sexual offences occurred in India, right from the beginning what are the amendments has been done in the laws to make it more vibrant for the society. Amended and Unamended IPC’s for the sexual offences occurred in India. Sexual offences are currently enclosed under different s ections of IPC. The IPC does not provideRead MoreLegal Method Moot Court Project3698 Words   |  15 Pages(court judgment), someof the cases are discussed here. Homosexuality is an act declared punishable under Section 377 IPC, 1860. The above law states that â€Å"carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal†. The interesting aspect herein is that ‘consent’ amongst adults is immaterial for the purposes of the offence. The mere fact that the act in question is unnatural and therefore, immoral and socially unacceptable, brings about liability under the provision. The High CourtRead MoreThe Respondent And The Appellant2605 Words   |  11 PagesAdditional CMM, Bangaluru, for attainment of these reliefs: 1) A Protection Order under Section 18 of the Domestic Violence Act to prevent the respondent from committing any act of domestic violence against the appellant or any of her relatives, and further prohibiting the respondent from alienating the assets both movable and immovable properties owned by the respondent; 2) Pass a residence order under Section 19 of the Domestic Violence Act and direct the respondent to give an independent residenceRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Legal Regime For The Better Future Of Children Essay6622 Words   |  27 Pagesinternational efforts regarding the protection of children against from the crime committed against them. To make the study richer we will go through the need, relevance, reason of failure, vis-a-vis pros and cons of Protection of Children from Sexual Offence Act, 2012. To conduct this research we will adopt, the research methodology of doctrinal and non-doctrinal. After in-depth study on this topic we will try to find out suggestion/implementations whether the All international and national efforts areRead MoreA Christian Approach to Homosexuality7265 Words   |  30 Pagesthe provision of Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code which criminalised consensual sexual acts of adults in private, holding that it violated the fundamental right of life and liberty and the right to equality as guaranteed in the Constitution. Pronouncing the order in Naz Foundation (India) Trust v. Government of NCT, Delhi and Others, Writ Petition (Civil) No. 7455 of 2001, a division bench of Chief Justice A.P Shah and Justice S. Murlidhar said â€Å"We declare that Section 377 IPC, insofar it criminalizes

Non Hormonal Methods Of Contraception Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(110) " RNA must be converted to DNA before it can be incorporated into the Deoxyribonucleic acid of the CD4\+ cell\." The planetary human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) pandemic is progressively going a load of the female population. HIV is preponderantly acquired through heterosexual transmittal and in many parts of the universe, HIV prevalence and incidence rates are higher among adult females than work forces ( Daly et al 1994 ) . At the terminal of 2007, an estimated 15. We will write a custom essay sample on Non Hormonal Methods Of Contraception Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4 million adult females were infected with HIV, most of them being of fertile age ( Heikinheimo and Lahteenmaki 2008 ) . Importantly, immature adult females aged 15-24 have a 4- to 7-fold increased hazard of going infected with HIV, when compared with immature work forces of the same age ( Simon et al. , 2006 ) . The demographics and paths of infection vary harmonizing to the stage of the HIV epidemic ( Beyrer, 2007 ) . Womans with HIV infection may wish to be after gestation to restrict their household or avoid gestation. The pick of contraceptive method in people populating with HIV is constrained by the demand to forestall both sexual transmittal of HIV and unwanted gestations. Correct usage of most user dependant methods requires a basic cognition of reproduction and literacy accomplishments to follow written instructions. Double map preventives that at the same time prevent HIV transmittal every bit good as unwanted gestations might be the most appropriate prophylactic method fo r adult females populating with HIV and AIDS ( Kakaire et al, 2010 ) . Main Body The human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) is a retrovirus belonging to the household of lentiviruses. Retroviruss can utilize their RNA and host Deoxyribonucleic acid to do viral DNA and are known for their long incubation periods. Like other retroviruses, HIV infects the organic structure, has a long incubation period or clinical latency, and finally causes the marks and symptoms of disease. HIV causes terrible harm to the immune system and finally destroys it by utilizing the Deoxyribonucleic acid of CD4+ cells to retroflex itself. In that procedure, the virus finally destroys the CD4+ cells ( Calles et al. 2010 ) . There are two types of human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV-1 and HIV-2 ) , which each evolved from a different simian immunodeficiency virus ( SIV ) . Both viruses emerged in the late twentieth century. In contrast to the SIV ‘s, which appear non to harm their natural archpriest hosts. HIV infection amendss the immune system, go forthing the organic structure suscep tible to infection with a broad scope of bacteriums, viruses, Fungis, and Protozoa ( Calles et al. 2010 ) . Surveies have shown dramatic similarities but besides of import differences between HIV-1 and HIV-2. They have the same manners of transmittal and are associated with the same timeserving infections, but HIV-2appears to come on at a slower rate ( CDC ) . HIV-1 is much more prevailing than HIV-2. It is HIV-1 that is mostly responsible for the AIDS pandemic, while HIV-2 is chiefly restricted to West Africa. Now, in each twelvemonth of the early twenty-first century there are about 5 million new HIV infections, and about 3 million deceases from AIDS, which has become the 4th biggest cause of mortality in the universe ( Carter and Saunders 2007 ) . HIV-1 infection is characterized by an insidious impairment of the cellular immune system ( Vergis and Mellors 2000 ) . Both the measure and proportion of plasma CD4+ T-cells lessening steadily over a period of old ages to decennaries, and this progressive loss of CD4+ T-cells is associated with the development of AIDS in septic persons. The grade of immunodeficiency associated with HIV-1 infection, as defined by the oncoming of timeserving diseases, correlatives closely with plasma CD4+ T-cell counts ( Calles et al. 2010 ) . HIV ‘s Life Cycle Host cells infected with HIV have a sawed-off life span as a consequence of the virus ‘s utilizing them as â€Å" mills † to bring forth multiple transcripts of new HIV. Thus, HIV continuously uses new host cells to retroflex itself. Equally many as 10 million to 10 billion virions ( single viruses ) are produced day-to-day. In the first 24 H after exposure, HIV onslaughts or is captured by dendritic cells in the mucose membranes and tegument. Within 5 yearss after exposure, these septic cells make their manner to the lymph nodes and finally to the peripheral blood, where viral reproduction becomes rapid. CD4+ lymphocytes that are recruited to react to viral antigen migrate to the lymph nodes. These become activated and so proliferate via complex interaction of cytokines released in the microenvironment of the lymph nodes. This sequence of events makes the CD4+ cells more susceptible to HIV infection, and it explains the generalised lymphadenopath y feature of the acute retroviral syndrome seen in grownups and striplings. In contrast, HIV-infected monocytes allow viral reproduction but resist violent death. Therefore, monocytes act as reservoirs of HIV and as effecters of tissue harm in variety meats such as the encephalon ( Calles et al. 2010 ) . The HIV life rhythm includes six stages harmonizing to Calles et Al. ( 2010 ) binding and entry, rearward written text, integrating, reproduction, budding, and ripening ( Figure 1. Appendix 2. ) . Binding and Entry, the envelope proteins gp120 and gp41 bind to CD4+ cell receptors and co-receptors on the exterior of CD4+ cells and macrophages. The chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 facilitate viral entry. T-cell tropic viruses require CXCR4 to adhere, and macrotropic strains of the virus require CCR5. R5 is the most common virus transmitted during acute infection, and subsequently during infection X4 is the virus that is most common. The presence of a homozygous inactive mutant of the CCR5 allelomorph has caused opposition to infection by the R5 virus. The connection of the proteins and the receptors and co-receptors fuses the HIV membrane with the CD4+ cell membrane, and the virus enters the CD4+ cell and macrophage. The HIV membrane and the envelope proteins remain outside of the CD 4+ cell, whereas the nucleus of the virus enters the CD4+ cell. CD4+ cell enzymes interact with the viral nucleus and excite the release of viral RNA and the viral enzymes rearward RNA polymerase, integrase, and peptidase. The HIV RNA must be converted to DNA before it can be incorporated into the Deoxyribonucleic acid of the CD4+ cell. You read "Non Hormonal Methods Of Contraception Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" This incorporation must happen for the virus to multiply. The transition of HIV RNA to DNA is known as contrary written text and is mediated by the HIV enzyme contrary RNA polymerase. The consequence is the production of a individual strand of Deoxyribonucleic acid from the viral RNA. The individual strand of this new DNA so undergoes reproduction into dual isolated HIV DNA. Once rearward written text has occurred, the viral DNA can come in the karyon of the CD4+ cell. The viral enzyme integrase so inserts the viral DNA into the CD4+ cell ‘s Deoxyribonucleic acid. This procedure is known as integrating. The CD4+ cell has now been changed into a mill used to bring forth more HIV. The new DNA, which has been formed by the integrating of the viral DNA into the C D4+ cell, causes the production of courier Deoxyribonucleic acid that initiates the synthesis of HIV proteins ( Calles et al. 2010 ) . The HIV proteins and viral RNA, all the constituents needed to do a new virus, gather at the CD4+ cell membrane to organize new viruses. These new viruses push through the different parts of the cell wall by budding. Many viruses can force through the wall of one CD4+ cell. These new viruses leave the CD4+ cell and contain all the constituents necessary to infect other CD4+ cells. The new virus has all the constituents necessary to infect other CD4+ cells but can non make so until it has matured. During this procedure, the HIV peptidase enzyme cuts the long HIV proteins of the virus into smaller functional units that so reassemble to organize a mature virus. The virus undergone the procedure of ripening and is now ready to infect other cells ( Calles et al. 2010 ) . Safe and effectual methods of contraceptive method represent a critical constituent of preventative wellness attention cut downing maternal and infant mortality ; particularly in adult females populating in resource-limited scenes ( Zdenek et al. 2010 ) here is broad fluctuation in contraceptive method prevalence worldwide runing from 8 % of adult females aged 15-49 old ages in western Africa up to 78 % in northern Europe. Female sterilization ( 32 % ) , intrauterine devices ( 22 % ) , and the unwritten preventive pill ( 14 % ) history for more than two tierces of all prophylactic pattern worldwide.4 In less developed states 70 % of contraceptive method users rely on female sterilization and intrauterine devices in portion because they are advocated by health care services as a consequence of cost effectivity in footings of gestation bar and service proviso ( UNPD, 2001 ) . Non-Hormonal Methods of Contraception A high grade of protection against HIV sexual transmittal is provided by consistent correct rubber usage ( Davis and Weller 1999 ) ; inconsistent or incorrect usage is non protective. Most planetary HIV transmittal occurs because rubbers are non used at all during sexual intercourse ( Steiner and Cates 1999 ) .Condom accidents are reported by 1-12 % of users and the method prophylactic failure rate is at least 12 % ( Trussel et al. 1992 ) . Double protection, the coincident usage of an effectual contraceptive method method with consistent rubber usage, has been advocated to cut down the hazard of unplanned gestation, horizontal transmittal of HIV to a non-infected spouse, transmittal of immune virus to an spouse with HIV infection, and the hazard of acquisition of other STIs including high hazard human papillomavirus ( HPV ) types ( UNDP/UNFPA/WHO 2002 ) . Male rubbers are the lone means proven to significantly cut down the hazard of HIV transmittal in heterosexual intercourse ( Cates 2005 ) . Harmonizing to a recent Cochrane reappraisal, consistent usage of male rubbers consequences in 80 % decrease in the hazard of HIV transmittal among HIV-serodiscordant twosomes ( Weller and Davis-Beaty, 2002 ) .The female rubber is a polyurethane sheath with two flexible rings at each terminal ; one ring is inserted into the upper vagina and the other covers the introitus. The female rubber is less likely than male rubbers to leak or interrupt during sex, but invasion of the outer pealing into the vagina is reported in 2 % of copulatory episodes. The cumulative chance of vaginal exposure to seeds with female rubber usage has been estimated as 3 % , compared to 11.6 % with the male rubber. The prophylactic failure rate is estimated at 5-21 % over 12 months ( Daly et al. 1994 ) . Consistent usage of rubber was associated with holding one spouse, greater income, no illicit drug usage and when rubbers were the lone preventive method used ( Wilson et al. 1999 ) .Women who besides use, effectual or long term methods of contraceptive method are less likely to describe consistent rubber usage ( Magalhaes et al. 2002 ) . Condom usage is besides related to whether the adult female has informed her spouse of her position ( DesgreA?es-du-LouE†  et al. 2002 ) less consistent usage is reported by concordant twosomes ( Clark et al. 1997 ) , even within discordant partnerships consistent rubber usage is reported by merely about 50 % twosomes ( Allen et al. 2003 ) .Obstacles to greater usage of male rubbers include deficiency of handiness, fright of being perceived as holding multiple spouses and being unfaithful to a regular spouse, resistance on spiritual evidences, and male laterality in determination devising ( UNDP/UNFPA/WHO, 2002 ) . Women populating with HIV inf ection may experience unable to unwrap their HIV position and negotiate rubber usage with new sexual spouses for fright of forsaking, domestic force, loss of economic support, and societal isolation. The issues around female rubber usage are besides negociating barrier method usage, ( Kalichman et al.2000 ) method acceptableness by users, and higher cost compared with the male rubber. The WHO audience on reuse suggested that female rubbers still run into fabrication quality appraisal specifications after seven rhythms of bleach disinfections, rinsing, drying, and relubrication. This protocol has non been evaluated for safety and efficaciousness in human usage and the WHO does non urge or advance reuse of female rubbers and is presently patronizing research to measure reuse protocols under local conditions ( WHO, 2002 ) . Furthermore, stop and vimules cover the neck and parts of the vaginal wall, while caps cover merely the neck. Their usage in discordant twosomes is non recommended, as a comparatively big country of vaginal mucous membrane remains exposed, micro injury during interpolation, and the accompaniment usage of nonoxynol-9 spermatocide may do epithelial break and increase viral transmittal hazard to the male spouse ( Carlin and Boag 1995 ) . Nonoxynol-9 ( N-9 ) spermatocide provides no protection against sexually familial infections including HIV ( Wilkinson et al. 2002 ) and frequent usage increases the hazard of HIV acquisition ( Van Damme et Al. 2002 ) . WHO Contraceptive Research and Development ( CONRAD ) proficient audience concluded that N-9 should non be used or promoted for the bar of HIV in adult females at high hazard of infection ( WHO 2001 ) . There are no published surveies on the female-male transmittal hazard with N-9 usage by adult females with HIV infection. It seems advis able for adult females with HIV infection with discordant sexual spouse to avoid N-9 spermicidal entirely or with other prophylactic methods to cut down the possible hazard of HIV sexual transmittal. There is no grounds that rubbers lubricated with N-9 are more effectual in forestalling gestation than rubbers lubricated with silicone. However, where pick is limited it is better to utilize any rubber than no rubber at all. In the hereafter, effectual and acceptable micro biocides may hold a function, supplying HIV positive adult females unable to negociate consistent rubber usage with a discordant spouse with an extra method to cut down sexual transmittal. HORMONAL METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION The combined unwritten preventive ( COC ) pill is an effectual user dependent contraceptive method with the non-contraceptive benefits of rhythm control, decrease in hypermenorrhea and dysmenorrhoea. Absorption can be affected by drawn-out intercurrent diarrhea and emesis. The COC is metabolised by the liver and its usage is contraindicated in adult females with unnatural liver map, which may be caused by intoxicant maltreatment, ague or chronic viral hepatitis, and inauspicious events on antiretroviral combinations. These factors are peculiarly relevant when doing contraceptive method picks for HIV positive adult females who are current or old shooting drug users with chronic active hepatitis C infection. Current drug users frequently have a helter-skelter life style that precludes effectual usage of user dependent contraceptive method methods ( Mitchell and Stephens, 2004 ) . Progestogen ( POP ) merely pills methods may be used by adult females with contraindications to estrogen usage. The POP is an effectual preventive method with right and consistent usage ; ovulation is non inhibited in all users, and inconsistent usage can ensue in gestation. A new progestin merely pill, Cerazette, which contains 75 milligram desogestrel, has late been introduced. In surveies Cerazette inhibited ovulation in97 % of rhythms at 7 and 12 months after induction ; this would propose enhanced efficaciousness in comparing with conventional POPs, though as yet unconfirmed by comparative tests ( Mitchelle and Stephens, 2004 ) . Under the long playing progestin merely contraceptive method, depot Provera ethanoate ( DMPA ) 150 milligram is given by deep intramuscular injection at 12 hebdomadal intervals and norethisterone oenanthate ( Noristerat ) 200 mg every8 hebdomads. These methods have the advantage of non being intercourse related but require regular entree to wellness attention for repetition injections. Likewise, implants need to be inserted by a trained wellness professional. Implanon is effectual for 3 old ages, and Jadelle for 5 old ages ( non licensed in the United Kingdom ) ; both are extremely effectual, non-user dependant, and reversible methods of progestin merely contraceptive method. Harmonizing to Mitchell and Stephens ( 2004 ) , factors impacting contraceptive method pick for HIV positive adult females are influence by the state of abode, the handiness of methods, entree to healthcare services, and cost.Religious, cultural, and personal beliefs of the function of adult female in society, acceptableness to spouse, effects on menses. Subsequent is the HIV position of adult female that involves the CD4 count, viral burden and physical well-being. Furthermore HIV serostatus, indefinite spouse concordant and discordant. Then catamenial, sexual, and generative history consist of hypermenorrhea, dysmenorrhoea, past pelvic infection, past ectopic gestation, gestation planning. In add-on the medical history findings like unnatural liver map, past history of venous thromboembolic disease, high blood pressure, lipemia, and current drug maltreatment. Finally the medicines causes such as, enzyme inducers, antibiotics, teratogenic agents. In the survey of ‘contraception among individuals populating HIV with infection go toing an HIV attention and support Centre in Kabale, Uganda ‘ by Kakaire et Al. ( 2010 ) shows that factors independently associated with prophylactic usage were degree of instruction and whether respondent has changed spouses since HIV diagnosing. Contraception usage and conformity is related to the scope of methods available, patient pick, prevailing wellness and spiritual beliefs, perceptual experiences of method effectivity, and side effects ( for illustration, adult females may hold less tolerance for heavy and drawn-out vaginal hemorrhage than amenorrhea ( Playle 2000 ) . Correct usage of most user dependant methods requires a basic cognition of reproduction and literacy accomplishments to follow written instructions. In Gazmararian et Al, ( 1999 ) many states adult females are unable to do independent determinations about their sexual and generative wellness because of political inst ability within society, deficiency of economic independency, and predominating cultural or spiritual attitudes to adult females ‘s rights. The Government ‘s 2001 National Strategy for Sexual Health and HIV outlined policies to cut down degrees of insecure sex, new HIV diagnosings, and undiagnosed HIV by 2007, via puting in bar, bettering outreach services, co-ordinating enterprises and widening information runs. A cardinal mark for a 25 % lessening in freshly acquired HIV infections by 2007 was non met ; new diagnosings have increased significantly. The US Department of Health ( 2009 ) argues that other marks were achieved ; HIV proving increased and clinic waiting times declined. A policy briefing high spots the crisis in presenting just wellness attention for people populating with HIV and AIDS, and the overpowering load it places on adult females and misss. HIV and AIDS have brought an increased demand for community and home-based attention. Due to traditional gender norms and unequal gender dealingss it is the adult females and misss in the communities who are the primary health professionals, whilst perchance being HIV positive, and frequently needing attention themselves. Decision At this point in the AIDS epidemic, the bar of the heterosexual transmittal of HIV is of paramount importance ( Daly et al. 1994 ) . Women all over the universe are at hazard for HIV, even within matrimonial relationships. Sing that preventive usage is being promoted worldwide, including in countries where HIV incidences increasing, farther cognition sing the consequence of single preventives on HIV transmittal is imperative. Development and proviso of safe, effectual, low-cost and acceptable contraceptive method for adult females at hazard of HIV and those populating with HIV/AIDS is one of the major challenges of generative medical specialty. Currently, consistent usage of male rubbers is the lone proven means to cut down the hazard of HIV transmittal in heterosexual intercourse. All the available reversible prophylactic methods-OCs, prophylactic injections and IUDs-can by and large be used both by adult females at hazard of HIV infection and by HIV-infected adult females. An ideal preventive scheme for adult females at hazard of HIV infection would supply coincident protection against both unintended gestation and HIV acquisition. Word Count: 3,029 Appendix 1 Mention Lists: Allen, S. , Meinzen-Derr, J.and Kautzman, M. ( 2003 ) . Sexual behavior of HIV discordant twosomes after HIV guidance and testing. AIDS, vol.17, p. 733-740. Beyrer, C. ( 2007 ) . HIV epidemiology update and transmittal factors: hazard and hazard contexts-16th International AIDS Conference Epidemiology Plenary. Clin Infect Dis, vol. 44, p. 981-987. DesgreA?es-du-LouE†  , A. , Msellati, P. and Viho, I. ( 2002 ) . Contraceptive usage, protected sexual intercourse and incidence of gestations among African HIV-infected adult females. DITRAME ANRS 049 Project, Abidjan 1995-2000. Int J STD AIDS, vol. 13, p. 462-468. Calles, N. , Evans, D. and Terlonge, DL. ( 2010 ) . PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS. HIV Curriculum for the Health Professional, p. 7-14.http: //bayloraids.org/curriculum/files/2.pdf. Carlin, E.M. and Boag, F.C. ( 1995 ) . Women, contraceptive method and STDs including HIV. International Journal of STD and AIDS, vol. 6, p. 373-386. Carter, J.B. and Saunders, V. A. ( 2007 ) .Virology: rules and applications. England: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Cates, W. ( 2005 ) .Review of non-hormonal contraceptive method ( rubbers, intrauterine devices, nonoxynol-9 and jazz bands ) on HIV acquisition. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, vol.38, sup.1, s8-10. Clark, R.A. , Kissinger, P. and Bedimo, A. ( 1997 ) . Determination of factors associated with rubber usage among adult females infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Int J STD AIDS, vol.8, p. 229-233. Centers for Disease Control. ( 1998 ) . National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Division Of HIV/AIDS Prevention: A Human immune lack virus type 2. Daly, C.C. , Helling-Giese, G.E. and Mati, J.K. ( 1994 ) . Contraceptive methods and the transmittal of HIV: deductions for household planning. Genitourinary Medicine, vol. 70, p. 110-117. Davis, K. and Weller, S. ( 1999 ) . The Effectiveness of Condoms in cut downing heterosexual transmittal of HIV. Family Planning Perspectives, vol.31, p. 272-279. Gazmararian, J.A. , Parker, R.M. and Baker, D.W. ( 1999 ) . Reading accomplishments and household planning cognition and patterns in a low-income managed-care population. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol.93, p.239-244. Heikinheimo, O. and LaA?hteenmaA?ki, P. ( 2008 ) . Contraception and HIV Infection in Women. Human Reproduction Update, vol.15, no.2, p. 165-176. Kalichman, S.C. , Rompa, D. , and Cage, M. ( 2000 ) . Factors associated with female rubber usage among HIV-seropositive adult females. Int J STD AIDS, vol.11, p.798-803. Kakaire, O. , Kaye, D.K. and Osinde, M.O. ( 2010 ) . Contraception among individuals populating HIV with infection go toing an HIV attention and support Centre in Kabale, Uganda. Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, vol. 2, issue 8, p. 180-188. Magalhaes, J. , Amaral, E. and Giraldo, P.C. ( 2002 ) . HIV Infection in adult females: impact on contraceptive method. Contraception, vol. 66, p. 87-91. Mitchell, H. S. and Stephens, E. ( 2004 ) .Contraception pick for HIV positive adult females. Sexual activity Transm Infect, vol. 80, p.167-173. Playle, J.F. ( 2000 ) . Concepts of conformity: apprehensions and attacks. British Journal of Family Planing, vol.26, p.213-19. Simon, V. , Ho, D. and Karim, Q. ( 2006 ) . HIV/AIDS epidemiology, pathogenesis, bar, and intervention. Lancet, vol. 358, p. 489-504. Steiner, M.J. and Cates, W. ( 1999 ) . The existent job with male rubbers is non-use. Sexually Familial Diseases, vol. 26, p. 459-462. Trussel, J. , Warner, D.L. and Hatcher, R.A. ( 1992 ) . Condom slippage and breakage rates. Family Planing Positions, vol.24, p. 20-23. UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, WHO. ( 2002 ) .HIV/AIDS makes double protection a must. Progress in Reproductive Health Research Quarterly Newsletter, no 59. United Nations Population Division Statistics Department of Economic and Social Affairs. ( 2001 ) .World preventive usage. Van Damme, L. , Ramjee, G. and Alary, M. ( 2002 ) . Effectiveness of COL-1492, anonoxynol-9 vaginal gel, on HIV-1 transmittal in female sex workers: A randomized controlled test. Lancet, vol. 360, p. 971-977. Vergis, E.N. and Mellors, J.W. ( 2000 ) .A Natural history of HIV-1 infection. Infect Dis Clin North Am, A vol. 14, issue 4, p. 809-825.A Weller, S.C. and Davis-Beaty, K. ( 2002 ) . Condom effectivity in cut downing heterosexual HIV transmittal. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews, issue 1, p.1-22. Wilkinson, D. , Tholandi, M. and Ramjee, G. ( 2002 ) . Nonoxynol-9 spermatocide for bar of vaginally acquired HIV and other sexually familial infections: systematic reappraisal and meta-analysis of randomised controlled tests including more than 5000 adult females. Lancet Infect Dis, vol, 2, p. 613-617. Wilson, T. , Massad, L.S. and Riester, K.A. ( 1999 ) . Sexual, prophylactic, and drug usage behavior of adult females with HIV and those at high hazard for infection: consequences from the Women ‘s Interagency HIV Study. AIDS, vol. 13, p. 591-598. WHO/CONRAD Technical Consultation on Nonoxynol-9. ( 2001 ) .Geneva, Summary Report. WHO. ( 2002 ) . Information update: considerations sing the reuse of the female rubber, ( www.who.int/reproductive-health/rtis/reuse.en.html ) . Zdenek Hel, Z. , Stringer, E. and Mestecky, J. ( 2010 ) . Sexual activity Steroid Hormones, Hormonal Contraception, and the Immunobiology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Infection. Endocrine Reviews, vol.31 ( 1 ) , p.79-9. How to cite Non Hormonal Methods Of Contraception Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Literature Essay Example For Students

Literature Essay The Spanish Period (1565- 1898) Historical Background It is an accepted belief that the Spanish colonization of the Philippinesstarted in 1565 during the time of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi the first Spanish governor-general in the Philippines. Literature started to flourish during his time. This spurt continued unabated until the Cavite Revolt in 1872. The Spaniards colonized the Philippines for more than three centuries. During these times, many changes occurred in the lives of Filipinos. They embraced the Catholic religion, changed their names, and were baptized. Their lifestyles changed too. They built houses mad of stones and bricks, used beautiful furniture like the piano and used kitchen utensils. Carriages, trains and boats were used as means of travel. They held fiestas to honor the saints, the pope and the governors. They had cockfights, horse races and the theater as means of recreation. This gave rise to the formation of the different classes of society like the rich and the landlords. Some Filipinos finished courses like medicine, law, agriculture and teaching. Many Filipinos finished their schooling already had been established. Notable Dates and Events 610 -Tomas Pinpin, ladino or bilingual, publishes his Spanish grammar for the use of the Tagalogs. -Tomas Pinpin and Blancas de san Jose jointly authored Librong Pagaarala ng mga Tagalog sa Uikang Castilla -Pinpins attempt at verse, and incidentally his religious proclivities, could be best seen in â€Å"Come Con Dios†. COME CON DIOS O ama con dios O great God my father O gran dios me padre tolongan mo ac ogrant aid to me quered ayudarme; amponin mo acogrant me favor sedme favorable nang mayari itoto be able to complete this task porque este se acabe at icao ang purihinand give praise to thee. Y a ves es alaban. April 14, 1617- The Spanish fleet headed by Juan Ronquillo prevented the British attempt to invade Manila in the battle of Playa-Homda. 1627-a pioneering Tagalog versifier, Pedro Suarez Osorio of Ermita Manila. Little is known of him, either as a priest or a writer. One of his attempts at poetry was fortunately preserved by father Alonso de Santa Ana in his book Explicacion de la Doctrina Lengua Tagala. SALAMAT NG UALANG HOYANG Salamat ng ualang hoyang Thanks be without end Sa iyo Dios con maalamTo you god the All-knowing Nitong iyong awang mahalFor your precious grace Sa aming catagalogangiven us, your Tagalog brethren â€Å"Icao paraluman naminYou are our guide Ang sucat nga naming sundinWhom we shall follow strictly Hanggang di cami dumatingTill we reach Sa lalawigan mahimbing. †The peaceful haven. October 3, 1646 -For the second time, the Spanish fleet defeated the British warship in Manila Bay. This event is commemorated in a yearly feast called La Naval de Manila. 1704-Padre Gaspar Aquilino de Belen, a native of Rosario Batanggas was the first Filipino who composed and sang the pasion in tagalong and permitted by the church by Father Antonio del Pueblo to be imprint. 750-Pasion becoming a best seller for many years and it was reissued the fifth time. October 5, 1762 -The British fleet defeated the Spanish warship allowing the British rule the country for two years. March 17, 1764 -The British surrendered the country to Spain after losing a battle during the seven-year war between them. October 31, 1829 -Francisco Dagohoy, a cabeza de b arangay of Bohol and the leader of the longest uprising (8 years), surrendered to the Spaniards. September 6, 1834 -Manila was opened to international trade leading to a remarkable transformation of its economy. 861-Birth of Jose Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines. 1872-Cavite Mutiny; martyrdom of the three priests: Gomez, Burgos,Zamora. 1887-Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) is published. It exposes Spain’s abuse of the Philippines as well as its people. 1888-El Filibusterismo (Subversion) is published. It is dedicated to the memory of Father Burgos, Gomez, and Zamora. February 15, 1889 -The establishment of La Solidaridad, the newspaper founded by Graciano Lopez Jaena to voice out the Filipinos cry for reforms. September 18, 1891 -Jose Rizal finished his novel El Filibusterismo following the first, Noli Me Tangere. Both portrayed the struggling life of the Filipinos under the Spanish rule. July 3, 1892. Jose Rizal established La Liga Filipina, a civic movement aimed at reuniting Filipinos to act together for reforms and autonomy from the unjust administration of the Spaniards. July 7, 1892. Jose Rizal was captured and exiled to Dapitan in Mindanao. There he served as a doctor, a scientist and a teacher to the locals. July 7, 1892. At the same day of Rizal’s capture, Andres Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata and Valentin Diaz established the Katipunan, a revolutionary movement aimed to fight for freedom against Spain. 893-Zarzuela is introduced. August 19, 1896. The Spaniards learned the Katipunan movement that resulted to a massive capture of many Filipinos. 1896-The Cry of Pugadlawin. The Philippines Revolution breaks out. August 23, 1896. Bonifacio and his fellow Katipuneros tore their cedulas or residence certificates while shouting Long live the Philippines, during their preparation for battle . This was marked as the historic Cry of Balintawak. August 25, 1896. The Katipuneros headed by Bonifacio had their first encounter with the Spanish civil guards and infantrymen. Due to strong forces and large presence of the Filipino troops, both camps of the Spaniards retreated. But in the end, Filipinos lost the battle when the latter came back with large number of fighters and stronger ammunition. Setember 12, 1896. A group of revolutionaries from Cavite were executed. They are now known as teh Trece Martires de Cavite or the thirteen martyrs of Cavite. December 30, 1896. Jose Rizal was executed by firing squad in Bagumbayan (now called Rizal Park) after being held captive at fort Santiago in Intramuros, Manila. March 22, 1897. The Katipuneros elected a new set of officers to replace the Katipunan. This was held in Tejeros, San Francisco de Malabon and was called the Tejeros Convention. Bonifacio diisolved the convention after Daniel Tirona, an associate of Emilio Aguinaldo, questioned his professional credibility as the director of the interior without a Lawyer’s diploma. Aguinaldo’s group won and considered Bonifacio and his men enemies of the revolution. May 10, 1897. Andres Bonifacio and his brother Procopio were excuted in Mt. Tala, Cavite after an unjust trial headed by General. Mariano Noriel, an associate of Emilio Aguinaldo. April 23, 1897. A new Spanish Governor named Fernando Primo de Rivera arrived in Manila for the purpose of minimizing the thriving rebellion of the Filipinos. He issued a decree to grant pardon to those who would surrender to the Spanish government. December 15, 1897. Primo de Rivera and Pedro Paterno signed the Truce of Biak-na-Bato allowing a temporary ceasefire between the Spanish and the Filipinos. December 27, 1897. Aguinaldo and his associates voluntarily moved to Hongkong for the amount of P800,000. January 20, 1898. Periodic battles between the Filipinos and the Spaniards erupted due to mutual suspicion. General Francisco Makabulos of Tarlac established a provisional goverment. The arrest and imprisonment of suspected rebels continued and despite the Truce, the revolution persisted. UNITED STATES COLONIAL RULE Period of Appreniticeship (1910-1930) Period of Emergence (1920-1945) February 14, 1898 -The Spaniards bombed the American fleet Maine in Havana, Cuba killing 246 people. 1898 (April) The American Congress declares a state of war between the U. S and Spain. April 25, 1898. The United States declared war against Spain ordering Commodore George Dewy to attack the Spanish fleet in the Philippines. May 1, 1898 -Manila Bay turned into a massive battle field between United States and Spain. The Americans defeated the Spanish fleet led by Admiral Patricio Montojo. June 12, 1898 -General Emilio Aguinaldo, who had returned from Hongkong, proclaimed Philippine independence at his mansion in Kawit, Cavite. August 13, 1898 -A mock battle between the Spanish and the Americans occured forbidding the participation of Filipino soldiers. Later, Manila was surrendered by Spain to the United States. December 10, 1898. Without the knowledge of the Filipinos, Spain surrendered the Philippines (along with Puerto Rico and Guam) to the United States in exchange of $20 million under the Treaty of Paris. 1898 – (January 21) First Philippine Republic by Emilio Aguinaldo. 1898-1899 – Jose Palma writes â€Å"Filipinas†, poem which became the text of the Philippine national anthem. January 23, 1899 -General Emilio Aguinaldo was sworn into office as the president of the Philippine Republic and at the same time promulgated The Malolos Constitution. 899-Antonio Luna publishes La Independencia, a Spanish revolutionary literature. June 5, 1899 -General Antonio Luna was killed by soldiers from the Kawit Company in Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija. 1899 -The Filipino American War breaks out. 1900 – President William Mckinley issues a directive to the Philippine Commission making English the official medium of instruct ion in the public schools. December 2, 1900 -The young general, Gregorio del Pilar died while fighting against the Americans in the Battle of Pasong Tirad (Tirad Pass). March 23, 1901 -Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by the Americans headed by Col. Frederick Funston with the help of some Filipinos in Palanan, Isabela. A. SPANISH INFLUENCES ON PHILIPPINE LITERATURE Due to the long period of colonization of the Philippines by the Spaniards, they have exerted a strong influence on our literature. 1. The first Filipino alphabet called ALIBATA was replaced by the Roman Alphabet. 2. Literature was used as tool for religious conquest. 3. The teaching of the Christian Doctrine became the basis of religious practices. 4. The Spanish language which became the literary language during this time lent many of its words to our language. 5. European legends and traditions brought here became assimilated in our songs, corridos, and moro-moros. 6. Ancient literature was collected and translated to Tagalog and other dialects. 7. Many grammar books were printed in Filipino, like Tagalog, Ilocano and Visayan 8. Our periodicals during these times gained a religious tone. 9. The friars produced a variety of religious manuals, grammar books, and dictionaries in the vernacular intended for friar missions 10. Spanish missionaries utilized the stage to propagate the Christian religion 11. Literature was predominantly religious and moral in character and tone 2. Nationalistic period (1864-1896) saw the growth of reformist and revolutionary literatures. Reform movement used lit as mans to protest issues to expose and to condemn Spanish abuses and provoke the people into action. New themes of literature particularly the tradition of protest were introduced. 13. The rich young filipinos studied liberal arts in europe. They introduced the reformist literature. The oppressed lower classes agitated for reforms. There was a shift in the use of language from Spanish to Tagalog. 14. Realism emerged in Philippine writing through Noli me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. 15. Lyric, Narrative, Corrido, Pasyon, Karagatan, Comedia, Moro-moro, Cenakulo, Zarzuela, Carilli, Biographies, Saints and doctrines were some of the famous literary types during the period. B. THE FIRST BOOKS 1. ANG DOCTRINA CRISTIANA (THE CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE). -This was the first book printed in the Philippines in 1593 in xylography. It was written by Fr. Juan de Placencia and Fr. Domingo Nieva, in Tagalog and Spanish. It contained the Pater Noster (Out Father), Ave Maria (Hail Mary), Regina Coeli (Hail Holy Queen), the Ten Commandments of God, the Commandments of the Catholic Church, the Seven Mortal Sins, How to Confess, and the Catechism. Three old original copies of this book can still be found at the Vatican, at the Madrid Museum and at the US Congress. It contains only 87 pages but costs $5,000. 00. 2. Nuestra Senora del Rosario. -The second book printed in the Philippines was written by Fr. Blancas de San Jose in 1602, and printed at the UST Printing Press with the help of Juan de Vera, a Chinese mestizo. It contains the biographies of saints, novenas, and questions and answers on religion. 3. Libro de los Cuatro Postprimeras de Hombre -Postprimeras de Hombre (in Spanish and Tagalog). This is the first book printed in typography. 4. Ang Barlaan at Josephat. -This is a Biblical story printed in the Philippines and translated to Tagalog from Greek by Fr. Antonio de Borja. It is believed to be the first Tagalog novel published in the Philippines even if it is only a translation. The printed translation has only 556 pages. The Ilocano translation in poetry was done by Fr. Agustin Mejia. The Greek Legend of Josaphat and Barlaan, who are believed to have survived around the 3rd-4th century in India, has been ascribed to John Damascene who wrote it around 750 B. C. (Although some sources cite that this is actually originally written by the Georgian monk, Euthymios in the 11th century). The story traces its origin to a  Manichaean  tract produced in Central Asia. In the Preparer’s Notes, it has been established that this work has startling similarities with the Tale of Buddha, thus Josaphat and Baraan is referred to as the Christianized version of Buddha’s life, with Josaphat reaching enlightenment through he love of Jesus Christ. Woodward, G. R. H. Mattingly, 1914) â€Å"Barlaan at Josaphat,† printed in the Philippines by Fr. Antonio de Borja, S. J. in 1708 and 1712–although a translation–is considered by researchers as the first novel in Tagalog. (J. Villa Panganiban, et al. , 1987) 5. The Passion. This is the book about the lif e and sufferings of Jesus Christ. It is read only during Lent. There were 4 versions of this in Tagalog and each version is according to the name of the writer. These are the: 1. Pilapil version (by Mariano Pilapil of Bulacan, 1814) 2. De Belen version (by Gaspar Aquino de Belen of Bat. 1704) 3. De la Merced (by Aniceto de la Merced of Norzagaray, Bulacan in 1856) 4. De Guia version (by Luis de Guia in 1750). Critics are not agreed whether it is the Pilapil or the de la Merced version which is the most popular. Among the most popular forms of literature during the Spanish era was the rendition of the passion, death and resurrection of Jesus known as the Pasyon ni Kristo. The first Tagalog Pasyon or poetic rendition of the Paschal Mystery  appeared in 1704. So popular was it that it reached its fifth edition in 1760. Its author, Gaspar Aquino de Belen, was an Indio layman who worked in the Jesuit press in Manila. Though he used a 17th century Spanish Pasyon as his model, de Belen’s work is grounded in local traditions. Anonymous versions of the Pasyon began appearing in 1804. Spanish friars decried the presence of a few heresies in the text, as well as its â€Å"profane† use in Indio festivals and gatherings. This shows that by the end of the 18th century, the Pasyon had become a social epic of the Tagalogs and probably of other lowland Christians as well. In the 19th century, a native priest named Mariano Pilapil made corrections to various illicit versions and produced the most popular version of the text called Pasyon Pilapil or Pasyon Henesis. It was used as a catechetical tool that helped the Filipino Church live its Catholic faith at a time when Bibles were not widely available. There is a direction in which the Pasyon has strongly influenced popular consciousness. It has been persuasively argued that the Pasyon affirms prevailing social structures. After all, the Pasyon was usually performed in the churchyard with the friar’s blessing and the financial support of the gentry. This is particularly true of the portions titled aral or lessons, which preach the fulfillment of Christian duties and the acceptance of things as they are. But the aral portions have little or nothing to do with the inexorable flow of the story. In fact, they stand out as obvious commentaries by friar censors anxious to draw to their advantage the popularity of the Pasyon. The Pasyon may be a dying ritual today, but its imprint in popular consciousness remains. Given the kind of culture that has developed and persisted over the last few centuries, it is hardly surprising that masses of people from all walks of life instinctively offer damay for new Pasyon figures which emerge from time to time. 6. Urbana at Felisa. -A book by Modesto de Castro, the so called Father of Classic Prose in Tagalog. These are letters between two sisters Urbana at Felisa and have influenced greatly the behavior of people in society because the letters dealt with good behavior. -The prose works of the period consisted mostly of â€Å"Didactic pieces and translation of religious writing in foreign languages†, such as novenas and biographies of saints. -The most important piece of didactic literature of this period is â€Å"Urbana at Feliza†, written by Fr. Modesto de Castro. -Published in 1855, it took the form of the epistolary novel with the full title of â€Å"Pagsusulatan nang dalauang binibini na si Urbana at si Feliza na nagtuturo ng mabuting caugalian†. It is an exchange of letters between two sisters: Urbana, who is a student in colegio in Manila and Feliza, who lives in province with their parents. -Urbana’s letters are full of advice to her sister in proper behavior at home, in church, at parties, while receiving a suitor in her parlor, and on other occasion, O ne letter includes the priest’s counsel on how choose a life partner. -The letters contain occasional pointers, too, for Honesto, a younger brother, and explanation of one’s duties to God, to his family and to his community. 7. Ang Mga Dalit kay Maria (Psalms for Mary). A collection of songs praising the Virgin Mary. Fr. Mariano Sevilla, a Filipino priest, wrote this in 1865 and it was popular especially during the Maytime â€Å"Flores de Mayo† festival. Exhibits: 1. Doctrina Christiana â€Å"This facsimile of the Doctrina Christiana printed at Manila in 1593 was printed by Edward Stern Company, Inc. , Philadelphia, in an edition of twenty-five hundred copies, and published by the Library of Congress, February 1947. The type used on the title page and for headings is forum, and that in the text Italian Old Style. . 2. Ang Barlaan at Josephat King Abenir (Abenner or Avenier) reigns over   a vast Indian Kingdom outstretched beyond the   lands of Egypt. He lives in luxury and worldly honors, and is known for his bravery and victory in battles. Yet despite being mighty in wealth and power, his happiness is marred, for he has no heir to inherit his throne, kingdom, and glory. Meanwhile, he learns that noblemen and senators have abandoned their luxurious lives and   started laying their lives for Christ’s sake. Those who embrace the monastic life are growing in number. Hence, the king starts passing on decrees forcing Christians to renounce their religions, and later mastered various methods of torture to persecute them. Many of the followers who are weak in spirit are unable to endure the torture and yield to the king. The others who rebuke him suffer and become martyrs. The threatened few seek refuge in the deserts and mountains. The king rules for many years and in this terrible state of error, the queen bears a child. The comely babe, they name Josaphat (Ioasaph). The king is filled with joy, and orders his men to gather his people to celebrate his son’s birthday. Although in shroud of fear, the people come, bringing offerings according to what each man has in store. King Abenir’s joy is however short-lived when he learns from the oracles of kings that his son will embrace the Christian faith: â€Å"From that which I learn from the courses of the stars, O king, the advancement of the child, now born unto thee, will not be in thy kingdom, but in another, a better and a greater one beyond compare. Methinketh also that he will embrace the Christian religion, which thou persecutest, and I trow that he will not be disappointed of his aim and hope.    thus spoke the astrologer (Part III, Online Medieval Library). King Abenir’s wrath and disillusionment is such as to have his men build a castle for his only son in a secluded city. There Josaphat (Ioasaph) lives, devoid of any contact from the outside world, except for instructors, servants, and guards–whom the king thinks fit to serve him. The young prince grows to manhood. Me anwhile, in the wilderness of Senaar, there lives a hermit saint. This elder’s name is Barlaan (Barlaam). Upon witnessing an apparition, Barlaan leaves for the young prince Josaphat’s palace. To Kill a Mockingbird is definitely an excellent n EssayTubong Concepcion, Tarlac po akong hamak na lingkod n’yo   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nagpupugay sa balana nang taos sa aking puso   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sa banta ng paraluman ako anya’y igugupo   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sagot ko’y subukan pamu ban kanita din mabalu. LAKANDIWA Subukan pamu ewan ko, ya’y di ko naintindihan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kahit wala si Babalu, tuloy pa rin itong laban   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Para kayo’y di mainip, atin na pong umpisahan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Si Elvie ang unang tindig, muli’y ating palakpakan. TAHANAN Sinasabing ang tahanan ay ang pugad ng pamilya   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At sa pugad nagmumula ang sagradong pagsasama   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pagsasamang naaangkop sa gampaning itinakda   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Itinakda ng Maykapal sa dalawang mag-asawa. Gantimpala sa matimyas na pag-ibig ay ang anak   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anak na siyang tungkuling imulat sa tamang landas   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Landas ay ang tamang asal, sandata sa isang bukas   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bukas na tanging magulang sa anak ay hinahangad. Unang gurong kagigisnan ng anak ay ang magulang   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Magulang na walang sawang sa kanya ay aantabay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aantabay sa lahat ng kabubuti sa buhay Nitong anak na nagmula sa dugo nila at laman. Sa matuwid na salita sa tahana’y nahihigit   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Disiplina’y nakukuha ng anak ay nakakamit   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pagkat nandiyan sa tahanan ang higit na malasakit   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Malasakit ng magulang sa anak ay magtutuwid. Tsaka ngayon ay may tutol gaya nitong kahidwaan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Para bagang hindi siya sa kamusmusan nagdaan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hindi ba ang disiplina sa anak ay halos alam   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bago pa ito pumasok sa alin mang paaralan? LAKANDIWA Yan si Elvie Espiritu, ang Reyna ng Balagtasan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ngayon naman ay ang Hari ang s’ya nating pakikinggan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Di lang Hari sa pagbikas, Hari din ng kapogihan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kaya lang po, Haring sunog si Gonie po’y palakpakan! PAARALAN Ang karunungan ay lunas sa sakit na kamangmangan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ang talino ay hagdanan sa tugatog ng tagumpay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Disiplina ay sandata sa tatahakin mong buhay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paarala’y institusyon sa ganiyang kaalaman. Sa tahanan ay di sapat ang dapat na matutunan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ng anak na hinuhutok sa disiplinang kailangan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lalo’t magulang ng bata kapwa mayrong hanapbuhay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ang panahon ng pag-ugit sa anak ay sadyang kulang. Sa tahana’y mawiwikang una yaong kaalaman   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pagkat dito’y ama’t ina sa anak ang nangangaral   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Halaga ng pagtuturo ng guro sa paaralan Ay ginto rin pagkat ito ay propesyong sinumpaan. Kung ang ina nitong bata’y tsismosa at bungangera   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At alimbawang ang ama ay batugan at pabaya   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sa tahanan bang nabanggit, anong uring disiplina   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ng anak ay mapupulot, ng anak ay nakukuha. Nagtatanong lang po ako, hindi ako nang-aasar   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I yan nama’y nagaganap sa iba pong pamamahay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Di gaya sa paaralan, guro’y mahirap magkulang   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pagka’t iya’y katungkulan na kanilang gagampanan. LAKANDIWA Kung baga po sa sinaing ay malapit nang kumulo   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sa apoy ng pagtatalo itong paksang niluluto   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ako muna ay tatabi upang ako’y di mapaso   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At mamaya magbabalik kapag handa nang maghango. TAHANAN Tila ko ba napapansing kahidwa ko’y isang bulag   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bulag pagkat nalilihis sa tunay na nagaganap   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mali na isang bahagdan ng magulang ay nasulyap   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Siyam na pu’t siyam na mabuti, itatangging agad-agad. Mas maluwag ang panahon ng anak ay ilalagi   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sa tahanan na kapiling ang sa kanya’y nagtatangi   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Matuwid na bunga nito’y doon higit nangyayari   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ang aktwal na halimbawa sa disiplinang nasabi. Ang silid ng paaralan ay silid ng karunungan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At sa compound ng eskwela, pag-aaral, lipaw-lipaw   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ang impluwensiya sa ibang kamag-aral ay di alam   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Di lahat ay nakikita ng guro ay matugaygay. Hindi na dapat pagtakhan pagkat ito’y nagaganap   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anak ay nababarkada sa kaeskwelang di tapat   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hindi tapat sa dahilang sa kanya ay magsasadlak   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sa ugaling di mainam, sa kabutiha’y baligtad. PAARALAN Sarili ko’y pinipilit sa dilag ay maniwala   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ngunit loob ko y tutol, tinauran n’ya’y hindi tama   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pag sinabing mag-aaral, may takot nang bumabadha   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Na labagin ang tuntuning umiiral sa eskwela. Sabihin na nating higit ang panah on sa tahanan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Na ilalagi ng anak kaysa doon sa paaralan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Diyan ka magtataka at sadya pang hahangaan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ang disiplina ay higit sa eskwela nalalaman. Banggitin din na malimit sa kapintasan ng bata   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Na siya’y mana sa ama, dili kaya ay sa ina   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ibig ko ditong tukuyin, ang anak ay mapanggaya   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Magulang kung matapobre, anak nila ay kaisa. Unawain lang po ako, ito’y hindi pandudusta   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kapag galit ang magulang, sa anak ay nawiwika   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Na kesyo ikaw ay ganyan, di nag-aral palibhasa   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sa ibig ko pong tukuyin ay kayo na ang magkusa. TAHANAN Ang diwa ng pagtatalo wari ko ba’y nilalabo   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ng kahidwang kutis-sanggol, yaong sanggol na ewan ko   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sa sarili niyang tahanan, hindi ba niya napipiho   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kung anong uring paghutok sa anak ang inaako. Mas maigi pa sa anak kung aktwal na makikita   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Yaong mga halimbawa sa magandang disiplina   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sa tahanan ang magulang, sila’y mga halimbawa   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Doon naman sa paaralan, iyan ba ay magagawa? Katulad ng pagsisilbi, paggalang, pagpipitagan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sa magulang at kapatid at sa kapwa mo nilalang   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pagkilos at pangungusap, kaayusan ng katawan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kalinisan ng ugali, pagpupuri sa Maykapal. PAARALAN Pakiusap sa kahidwang amasona ng Vizcaya   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wala sanang personalan, magbitiw man ng kataga   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bakit yaong kutis-sanggol wari ba niyang dinudusta? Ako nama’y di sinabing mistula siyang boksingera. Nalimot na din po yata ng makatang kasalungat   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Na sa eskwela’y may subject na good manners and right conduct   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paaralan ay tahanan ang siyang nakakatulad   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Guro ang mga magulang, estudyante’y mga anak. Kaibahang nahihigit na doon sa paaralan Mga guro’y walang pagod ilingkod ang kakayahan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hindi paris sa tahanan, ang magulang magkaminsan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nawawalan ng panahong ang anak ay paglingkuran. TAHANAN Pati pala ang matuwid ng kalaban ay ulikba   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dahil kaya siya’y bagabag ng maling paniniwala   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Magulang ang hinahangad ang anak ay mapagpala   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dugo’y higit na matimbang, iyan ba’y maitatatwa? Halaga ng disiplinang nababatid sa tahanan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ay hindi lamang magkano, hindi kayang matawaran   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pagkat dito’y obligasyon ang sabi mong katungkulan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At iyan namang katungkulan laan doon sa suwelduhan. PAARALAN Ang dilag ba’y nagtataka o siya ay nagtatanong? Akin na ding lilinawin nang hindi siya nagmamaktol   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mga guro ay suwelduhan sa serbisyo ang katugon   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pagkat sila’y gumagaganap sa tinapos na propesyon. Ako, ikaw, kahit sila, na may anak na iniwan,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ang obligasyong mangaral sa anak di maibigay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dahil tayo’y nasa dayo, di kapiling sa tahanan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sa ‘ting mga pagkukulang, nagpupuno’y paaralan. TAHANAN Kahit isa ang dumayo sa dalawang mag-asawa   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mayron pa ring magsisilbi sa tahana’y magpapala   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kakayahan ng iniwang kapilas ba’y bale wala   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Upang anak ay hutukin sa nasabing disiplina? PAARALAN Di ko naman sinasabing sila’y walang kakayahan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tinuran ko’y halimbawa na tayo ay kakulangan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  May layunin kaya itong kahidwa kong paraluman   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Na kami ay pag-awayin ng reyna ko sa tahanan? TAHANAN Takusa man ang kalaban, wala akong pakialam   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mahalaga’y ang panig ko’y sa kanya’y nakakalamang. PAARALAN Sa boksing pag nang-aasar, kalaba’y mahina na   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gayon din sa balagtasan, wala din pong pinag-iba. TAHANAN Di masama ang mangarap kahit walang pagkatupad. PAARALAN Di na dapat pangarapin ang bagay na natitiyak. TAHANAN Bulastog na paniwala! PAARALAN Ayon lang yan sa akala! LAKANDIWA Akala ko’y biru-biro ang labanan ng dalawa   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kung nahuli pala ako’y baka merong nadisgrasya   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Magkamayan muna kayo’t ang hinaho’y ibalik na   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kababayang minamahal, palakpakan natin sila! Si Elvie po ang may sabing sa bahay mas nakakamit   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ng bata ang disiplina, pagkat dahil sa pag-ibig,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ang magulang sa anak n’ya ay lubos ang malasakit,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Laging handang umantabay at masuyong nagtutuwid. Ani Gonie, disiplina’y bahagi ng kaalaman   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Na higit na nakukuha ng bata sa esk’welahan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lalo anya kapag ama’t ina’y kapwa nagkukulang   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Guro ang s’yang gumaganap sa tungkulin ng magulang. Sang-ayon sa isang k’wento, sa langit ay nakapila   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Duktor, narses, inhinyero, arkitekto, at iba pa   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sila noong nasa lupa ay mayroong disiplina   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kaya sa kabilang buhay, nakamtan ang gantimpala. Bawa’t isa sa kanila ay mayroong sumalubong   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Buong tuwang nagsasabi kay San Pedro, â€Å"Anak ko ‘yon!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ngunit isa ang lumapit at sa kanya ay nagbulong,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Lahat sila nu’ng musmos pa, ako’ng g uro nila noon! † Disiplina’y sa tahanan unang dapat matutuhan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Disiplina’y sa esk’wela dapat bigyang-katatagan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paaralan at tahanan ay pandayan nitong asal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nagtutulong na ihanda ang bata sa wastong buhay. Iyang murang kaisipan ng bata ay nahuhutok   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nang ayon sa nakikita’t naririnig sa palibot   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sa tahanan at esk’wela’y may mabuting napupulot,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Masasamang impluwens’ya ay doon din sumusulpot. Sa magulang po at guro, ito’y isang paalala   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Upang bata ay matuto ng tunay na disiplina   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tayo mismong nangangaral ang dapat na magpakita   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ng kanilang gagayahing mabubuting halimbawa. Sa panig na pinagtanggol ng dalawang makata po   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Patas sila ng kat’wiran, parehas po na may punto   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kaya naman ang hatol ko, sila’y tabla, kaya kayo,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Palakpakan sanang muli si Elvira at Gorgonio! J. THE DUNG-AW. This is a chant in free verse by a bereaved person or his representative beside the corpse of the dead. No definite meter or rhyming scheme is used. The person chanting it freely recites in poetic rhythm according to his feelings, emotions and thoughts. It is personalized and usually deals with the life, sufferings and sacrifices of the dead and includes apologies for his misdeeds. The Art of Dung-aw Ilocanos have a collection of dirges or  dung-aw, chanted or wailed in funeral wakes lamenting the passing of the dead. To tourists or non-ilokanos hearing dung-aw, it sounds like a phrase that is more sang than spoken. It usually peaks to a crescendo of discordant shouting then tapers of to melodic whimpering. The Tradition of Dung-aw What others don’t know is that dung-aw is the ultimate ilocano show of emotion. Ilocanos are very stoic people. They take each blow that life brings stone-faced and unfazed. Be it poverty, sudden crashes of fortune or simply the hardship of daily labouring; Ilocanos are the goats that take in everything, saving what they can and moving forward steadily without much complaint. Dung-aw is the song of the soul that ilocanos sing to ease the pain of losing a loved one. It is the release of the pent-up flood of indignation and suffering. A cry from a heart that can no longer keep its peace. In a wake, when one person starts chanting dung-aw, a lot more people follow, so that the whole chorus sounds like one synchronized voice punctuated by an occasional scream. Not just women, but also men, sing this song of grief. The song usually ends with every singer humming or whispering a personal sonata, heartbreaking and tear-filled. But more often than not, people know that dung-aw is over when the one chanting it collapses in exhaustion. K. THE AWIT and the CORRIDO. Similarities and Differences: The terms awit and corrido are both related to music. Awit is the Tagalog word for song while the Spanish word corrido means a metrical story, usually sung to the accompaniment of a guitar, in fandango style. Pardo de Tavera -an imminent Filipino scholar, believes that the word corrido was derived from the Spanish occurido, meaning events or â€Å"happenings†. Korido is the generic name for Philippine romances. In Tagalog literature, an awit is distinguished from the korido basically by the number of syllables in each line. The korido refers to metrical romances in octosyllabic (8 syllables) verse called hakira while the awit is in dodecasyllabic (12 syllables) verse called plosa. Further distinctions mentioned by Dr. Eugenio from some literary historians and critics are in terms of subject matter, style, and movement. Epifanio de los Santos  refers to the awit as chivalric-heroic poems while corridos are legendary and religious poems. Gabriel Bernardo on the other hand finds the distinction more in the music to which the romances are often set and in the amount of time the reader takes in singing or reciting it. The awit is set to music in  andante  or slow time; the corrido, in allegro  or hurried time. Further, Bernardo believes that the awit is read mainly for the quality of its thoughts and for its beauty and sweetness of expression; the corrido, mainly for the plot of the story it tells. The Panganibans (Jose Villa Panganiban and Consuelo T. Panganiban) suggest a distinction in terms o f the source of the story it tells; -the corrido is based on an existing tale or legend from European countries while; -the awit is a story fabricated from the imagination of the writer although the setting and characters are still European. They are inclined to believe, however, that the two terms refer to one and the same type of narrative poetry, except that the name ‘awit’ was later given to it when it was chanted or sung and ‘corrido’ when it was merely narrated. Another mark that distinguishes an awit from a korido is in their titles. The awit begins with Buhay na pinagdaanan ni (life experienced by) or Salita at buhay na pinagdaanan ni (history and life experienced by) while korido always begins with the word corrido, as in Corrido at pinagdaanang buhay ni Principe Baldovino. But, as some Tagalog romances titled corrido have dodecasyllabic lines and are therefore awits, as noticed by Dr. Eugenio, differentiating based on their titles alone may not be enough to classify a romance as an awit or as a korido. Introduction in the Philippines: It is not known exactly when or how the metrical romances were introduced and took shape in the country. Vicente Barrantes assumes a Spanish origin and s uggests that romances and popular tales of Spain, which were already altered when they reached the country and were in turn altered by the natives, may have been brought by the soldiers of  Miguel Lopez de Legaspi  from Mexico. The corridos that took shape in the  Philippines  thus may have been influenced not just by Spanish and European sources but also by the Mexican corrido. The corridos, the narrative folk songs of Mexico, are direct descendant of the Spanish romances (ballad). They narrate legends, historical accounts and currents events. Other sources in written form may have followed later, Spanish lore and literature: ballad collection (such as Romancero General), Spanish chronicles and histories, fiction, drama, and poetry. Oral transmission is considered the probable cause for the very imperfect way some stories have been preserved in Philippine romances. It is also not known when the Philippine romances were first printed. Dr. Eugenio thinks that they were probably printed in the late eighteenth or early nineteenth century, but she is fairly certain that romances were being written in the second half of the eighteenth century, as  Jose de la Cruz, the first known important writer of metrical romances, is assumed to have written some of his works before the end of the eighteenth century. She cites both Gaspar de San Agustin and Epifanio de los Santos attesting to the prevalence of metrical romances even before Huseng Sisiw,  Francisco Baltazar, and  Ananias Zorilla  became known as poets. No very old copies were preserved. The oldest copy which Fansler reported he saw was dated 1815. L. Florante at Laura Florante at laura The setting was in the 19th century. Balagtas’ story was a poem of 12 stanzas. This Filipino classic is studied by highschool students in their sophomore year. It is a favorite material for dramatic plays as the story told of war  and love. Above all,  Ã¢â‚¬ Florante at Laura†Ã‚  is woven by  Francisco â€Å"Balagtas† Baltazar  with his secret agenda of instilling awareness among the Filipino natives of the treacherous administration by the Spaniards during the colonial times. Story Summary Florante is alone and weary, in a deep dark forest, tied to a tree waiting to be eaten by ravenous wild beast†¦ Florante was the son of Duke Briseo of Albanya and Princess Floresca of Krotona. At a young age, Florante was sent to Atenas to pursue his studies. There he met Menandro and Adolfo. Adolfo was naturally selfish and envious even when he was still young. He held a secret hate towards Florante. Menandro was Adolfo’s exact opposite. He is a kind, loyal, and a trustworthy friend to Florante. Of the three, Florante was the smartest, which was the reason why he was the professor’s favorite. Adolfo’s anger fumes even more. He secretly swore to plot revenge upon Florante. Once there was a dramatic play being help at the academy. Adolfo made true the part he played. He stabbed Florante for real, but failed to kill him because of Menandro’s speed and agility. He saved Florante. And everyone hated Adolfo. He was advised by Antenor to return to Albanya. Meanwhile, Florante and his fellows stayed and continued studying in Antenas, until, Florante received a bad news from his father – his mother had died. Florante returned home to Albanya. Not very long, his father, the duke, introduced Florante to the king. And this is when Florante laid eyes on Laura, the beautiful daughter of King Linseo. Even it was only their eyes that met, the hearts of Florante and Laura had an instant and clear understanding. They loved each other from then on. However Florante had to go to Krotona, where his grandfather ruled. Albanya’s King Linseo assigned Florante to come to the aid of the warring Krotona. With God’s help, Florante succeeded. He saved Krotona against the Moors. Unfortunately, when Florante returned to Albanya, he discovered that it  was now the kingdom that was in peril. The moors had imprisoned his father, and even Adolfo. Nonetheless Florante saved them all and freed the prisoners once again. So King Linseo loved Florante even more. And Florante’s deeds became famous overseas. Once when Florante and Menandro were in Italy, Florante received a letter from Albanya ordering him to entrust the troops to Menandro and return to the palace immediately. But Florante was arrested by Adolfo’s troops when he was just about to enter the city! It was then that Florante realized it was all an evil plot by Adolfo, including the  death of Florante’s father, and the capturing of Laura to pressure her to be wedded to Adolfo. From his prison cell, Florante was taken to the dangerous forest. There he was bonded to a tree to be eaten by wild animals. Florante was weakened, until he lost his consciousness. In the meantime on the the other side of the forest, was yet another man full of loneliness and agony. He found himself in the same weary forest because his treacherous father the King of Persia. He was even threatened to be beheaded so his love Flerida would be wedded to the king. During this man’s lament, he heard the others voice agonizing from beyond. He tracked where the voice was coming and he came to the sight of a man on the verge of being eaten by hungry lions. His agility and skills drove the two lions away and Florante was saved. This man, Aladin, freed Florante from his bondage. When Florante regained full consciousness, he gave much thanks to the Moor. And so they exchanged their stories, stories of the things that had befallen them†¦ And until†¦ The two men also heard two voices from afar. The voices also seemed to be narrating, and they were from women. They were full of surprise when they found their beloveds Laura and Flerida! And the hearts of the four were full of thanks and joy. Laura disclosed how she found herself in the forest. It was all because of Adolfo, who wanted to teach her a lesson for refusing his proposed marriage. Adolfo took Laura to the forest and attempted to rape her, but, an arrow flew from Flerida’s a bow and pierced the poor heart of Adolfo†¦ It was just after this story that Menandro’s troops then appeared in the forest and found Adolfo’s body lifeless†¦ All rejoiced in their reunion. They sang songs of success and praise†¦ Florante married Laura, as well as Aladin married Flerida   When the king father of Aladin died, they returned to Persia to relish the throne. In the meantime  in the kingdom of Albanya, all hailed Florante and Laura as majesties of the the land. From then on  all lived lives ful