Excessive force by the police

Introduction Police are charged with the responsibility of safeguarding citizens and dealing with crime. In performing these duties, they are authorized to use the acceptable force within certain limits. The amount of force that a police officer is entitled to use depends on the situation and it varies greatly from one situation another.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Excessive force by the police specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, law enforcers have abused this privilege due to lack of clear laws on the amount of force that an officer is entitled to use in a given situation. Some officers have resorted to using excessive force even under unnecessary circumstances. Excessive force may take the form of physical assault, sexual assault, verbal abuse, or use of lethal force when dealing with suspects or the public at large. Police brutality is a contemporary worldwide issue as cases of savagery continue to a rise despite the numerous laws governing the conduct of police officers. Police use of force in the US The laws governing the conduct of police officers in the United States are very clear. They give a police officer the right to use reasonable force when dealing with law aggressors, but at the same time they set limits in which such right is applicable. However, police officers tend to abuse this privilege by assaulting innocent citizens in the pretext of maintaining law and order. A police officer who violates the rights of a citizen in any way is liable to pay for damages and injuries suffered. The local media in the US reports on many cases of public assault; however, most of these cases do not reach the international media and the perpetrators go unpunished (Ritchie Mogul 2007). Presumably, in the United States, this malpractice is directed towards the minorities and it is very common amongst African Americans. Police brutality in the US has a long history and it was first des cribed in the New York Times in 1893 to describe acts of a police officer who had assaulted a member of the public (Troutt 1999). Even before the modern policing came into existence, there were cases of public harassment by the traditional patrol officers who used nightsticks and blackjacks. The highest cases of police misconduct were recorded during this period probably due to lack of formal laws governing their conduct (Troutt 1999). With the introduction of the modern policing in the nineteenth century, cases of police brutality reduced slightly in the United States. The nineteenth century was characterized by many reforms in the police department. Several laws were enacted to protect the public from police assault and some police officers were charged in court for allegedly misusing their positions to cause suffering to civilians.Advertising Looking for essay on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One of such refo rms occurred in 1991 when a judge sentenced several officers to a jail term of 32 months each for assaulting an African- American in Los Angeles (Davis 1994). The sentence followed a video recording by a civilian as the police assaulted the man, which was then presented to the court. The news hit the international media and reached almost all parts of the world. Unfortunately, the efforts were not good enough to stop this vice. In 1992, police officers killed more than 50 people while thousands of others were injured as they staged peaceful demonstrations on the streets of Los Angeles opposing the release of two of the four police officers charged for the murder of Rodney King (Medina 2012). Rodney King’s case prompted the formation of an independent commission referred to as ‘Christopher Commission’ to investigate the conduct of police officers across Los Angeles. The commission executed its mandate and came up with recommendations, which were never implemented. The commission revealed acts of abuse and misconduct by police officers, which supported the case filed by Rodney King. On the other hand, the media reported on the severity of misconduct by police officers and cited the Blue code of silence as the key setback against the fight against police torture (Davis 1994). The 19th century also saw the formation of district attorneys and other commissions that were mandated to carry out investigations regarding police brutality. The composition of these commissions was in question as the members were fellow police officers. Only a few commissions ran under the watch of civilians, but they depended on police officers in their investigations. These commissions’ operations were thus compromised and they only contributed less in the fight against police misconduct (Westmarland 2005). Police harassment continued even after the formation of organizations opposing the vice. Demonstrators faced torture as they staged demonstrations in the st reets. Use of tear gas and truncheons formed the order of the day. In 1967, during the Vietnam War, the police used tear gas and live bullets to disperse crowds gathered to demonstrate against the war (Villalobos 2011). Police brutality cases were surging over the past one decade. Reports tabled by various researchers indicate that most cases go unreported due to public ignorance of the law and the lengthy process involved in filing such cases (Villalobos 2011). A study carried on a sample of about 12,500 people, 14% agreed to have faced torture from the police in the form of verbal and physical abuse, but only about 32 % of the cases were formally reported (Villalobos 2011). This trend is a major setback to the fight against this fast-growing vice. Few documents on the cases of harassment caused by police exist. However, a report from the justice department in 2005 revealed that out of the 26,000 cases reported by citizens on the issue, more than 20,000 had merit (Villalobos 2011). This aspect implies that the police continue to assault civilians even in this modern era, which is characterized by various reforms in the police department.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Excessive force by the police specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Statistics from the US Justice Department released in 2002 indicated that in the year 2000 alone, more than 422,000 people of 18 years and above faced police torture or threat thereof (Villalobos 2011). This number is high in such a developed country. Another report tabled by the Amnesty International in 2006, indicated that in prisons too, police brutality was a common scene as the use of un-muzzled dogs in police cells was a norm (Villalobos 2011). The prisoners were tortured in a bid to force then accept charges for crimes that they had not committed. Investigations Investigations about police tortures are done under the watch of the internal police. Consider ing the existence of the Blue code of silence, which prevents an officer from exposing the wrongs done by a fellow officer, it is clear that the independence of the investigating committee will be compromised, thus leading to a decision favoring the accused officers (Westmarland 2005). Most decisions so far made by the committees are in favor of the accused officers, and thus a majority of them goes unpunished. A study of the Chicago police on cases of police brutality in 2007 showed that out of more than 10000 police harassments cases reported, only 18% resulted in an action (Villalobos 2011). The study also alleges that the accused officers continue to serve even as the investigation continues. It also reveals that out of the largest police departments, only 17% have a committee of investigation by civilians (Villalobos 2011). These civilian ran committees have earned public confidence and most victims of torture prefer reporting their cases to these committees as opposed to those ran by the police themselves. Judgments delivered by the committee by the civilians were considered unbiased as opposed to those delivered by the police committee. Causes Conventionally, excessive use of force by the American police is directed against African Americans and other minority groups. About 80% of all cases involving police using excessive force on the public involve black Americans (Ritchie Mogul 2007). Racial discrimination is thus correlated with the key causes of this vice. Reportedly, between 1990 and 1994 alone, more than 450 African Americans died after being tortured by the police (Ritchie Mogul 2007). A study carried out in the United States in 1999 revealed that police are more likely to arrest Africans as compared to the Americans. Therefore, it is evident that ethnicity is the key cause of brutality in the country (Ritchie Mogul 2007). However, cases of police brutality arising out of racial discrimination are decreasing following the rise of human rights groups that protect the civilians’ rights. A good example of such a group is the Amnesty International, which was founded in 1962 with over two million members all over the world.Advertising Looking for essay on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The enactment of the prohibition Act of 1969, which staged war on drugs, also contributed to the rise of brutality cases as it gave police officers the power to conduct a search on any civilian suspected to be involved in drug trafficking (Westmarland 2005). Police misused this right to harass innocent citizens in the name of conducting searches. The other cause of police deviance in the United States is lack of clear laws defining the maxims of ‘reasonable force’ (Westmarland 2005). Police will thus use excessive force even where it is not needed in the name of self-defense. The existence of various doctrines and separation of power are other factors that drive police into this misconduct. For example, there is a provision in the American constitution barring the prosecutor from investigating vigorously misconduct by a police officer (Westmarland 2005). Others include poor police training, religious differences, and political differences. In addition, the provision of the law that places the burden of proof on the plaintiff serves as a contributing factor as well. It is thus difficult for the affected to win a case against a police officer who in the course of his or her training earns some knowledge on the country’s laws. Cases to support police brutality against minorities Various incidents support police brutality against the minorities in the United States. One such incident involved a 23-year-old Africa American, Oscar Grant III, who was reported to having been murdered by a police officer in California in the year 2009 (Gahary 2013). In their defense, the police alleged that the man resisted arrest, which forced them to open fire, thus killing him on the spot. The man is said to be unarmed and even the video tapes recorded by the bystanders revealed this view. This was not the first time that Garner faced harassment from the police, as in 2008, a police officer had knocked him several times on the head leaving him unconscious. The vi ctim died later in 2009, but the impeached officer entered a non-guilty plea and only condemned for 2 years in jail. This case is just an example of how police officers escape charges leveled against them by the minorities. The other incident believed to be fueled by racial discrimination involved Abner Louima, an immigrant from Haiti. The man allegedly protested against his arrest but the police abused him in the process on enforcing the arrest. In the station, the man was tortured and the officers took him to the bathroom, unclothed him, inserted blunt objects into his small intestine, and dismantled his dental formula as he tried to scream for help (Gahary 2013). According to eyewitnesses, the man had no injury when the police arrested him, but after being manhandled by the officers, he had to be admitted in the hospital for surgery (Bennett Livingston 2003). However, the accusations were shelved and the officers involved were charged with first class assault and sexual abuse an d were to serve long jail terms. The third example involves yet another African American, Patrick Hall. The man served in the US military force until his retirement in 2007. After his retirement, he joined the university to further his studies as he operated a hotel business at the city of Macomb. In the hotel, he employed more blacks than whites. This move raised eyebrows and the police raided the hotel premises severally claiming that the retired officer conducted some illegal activities. In their searches, police would subject Hall to all forms of torture and intimidation (Gahary 2013). This went on for a long period and made the running of the business very difficult. His civil rights were infringed and it became evident that not only the police were against him, but also other authorities since when he tried to file a suit against this humiliation, it was opposed and he was forced to close down his business and leave the city to seek refuge elsewhere. The 19th century, specific ally the period between 1962 and 1964, saw the rise of various organizations that worked as sympathizers of minorities in the US. In addition, some leaders like Martin Luther King came out strongly to condemn police aberrancies with the strongest words possible. During the same period, the blacks living in the US formed the Black Panther Party to defend their rights. This party became the most vigorous movement and it engaged police in several tussles resulting in the deaths of more than 30 civilians and about 15 police officers in 1963 (Gahary 2013). Police brutality in other countries Police brutality is not just an American problem, but it cuts across the world nations. It is even severe in the developing countries where dictatorship form of governance still exists. Police in these countries use force without facing the law as even the leaders support such brutality. In most developing countries, there exists no separation of power between the judiciary and the executive, thus th e executive is in a position to influence the outcome of a suit filed against its law enforcers even where enough evidence is available. This aspect together with other factors drives the police department into exploiting the citizens. A report released by Amnesty International showed that countries with authoritarian regimes are the most affected by this problem. Their cases are similar to that of the US as colleague officers carry out investigations, and thus there is a tendency of the cases favoring the accused at the expense of the victim of torture (Bennett Livingston 2003). For example, in the UK, a police officer reportedly murdered a New Zealand teacher in 2010, but the investigating committee set by the government to probe into the matter favored the law enforcer (Segan 2013). In their report, they claimed that it was impossible to identify the actual killer as the other police officers refused to give the necessary information that could lead to the identification of the suspect. This incidence is not the only case involving police brutality in the UK. In 2009, the media reported on a man who received beatings from the police. Allegedly, police officers hit him with a blunt object in the forehead before beating him to death. The officer connected to the demise of the victim was immediately arrested and charged with manslaughter, but was he later released unconditionally despite the evidence of a video clip taken by a bystander (Segan 2013). This aspect poses the question on when this deviation by the police will end. Police cruelty is also common in Serbia. In this country, most severe cases involving public mistreatments by the police have been recorded as the citizens demonstrated against the leadership of the then President and subsequent governments (Segan 2013). During this period, huge numbers of deaths were reported with many other citizens sustaining serious injuries in the hands of the police. In July 2010, a film taken by journalists showe d police publicly assaulting five demonstrators. The five were arrested, chained, and then taken to the police cells where they were subjected to serious beatings for over an hour. In an interview with the media, the then internal security minister denied these allegations terming them as exaggerations by the media aimed at tarnishing the reputation of the police force (Segan 2013). This realization is a clear indication that police liaise with leaders to deprive citizens of their rights, by giving the law enforcers the right to do anything without being held accountable. In India, police brutality cases were higher in the 19th century as compared to the contemporary times. In 1930, police ordered a truck driver to run on Babu Genu, an Indian citizen, who worked at a cotton factory (Bennett Livingston 2003). The reason behind the killing was that the man was a leader of a group of demonstrators opposing the importation of clothes. In 1983, police killed a suspect of drug traffickin g in Mumbai in yet another incident of brutality (Bennett Livingston 2003). The suspect neither had weapons at the time of the killing nor the drugs he was being accused of peddling. Additionally, the police never gave the suspect a chance to surrender or even defend himself as required by law. They opened fire and sprayed more than 50 bullets to the man, thus killing him on the spot (Bennett Livingston 2003). The most recent case involving police brutality in the country occurred in January 2014. A video clip posted on the police website by a strong political party in India concerning the incidence showed police officers harassing a person to the extent of stealing from him (Segan 2013). Finland is another country with a history of police misconduct. The situation was fueled by the supremacy battle between capitalists and communists that was evident in the 1920s. From time to time, police engaged communists in tussles as communists staged demonstrations opposing the capitalistsâ €™ leadership. Inadequacy of police officers and lack of equipments are other factors that cause police to use force in their duties. In recent cases, police have been videotaped harassing civilians in the country. In 2006, a police officer was charged in connection with seducing an underage girl and subsequently raping her (Balko 2012). This incidence is not the only case illustrating police brutality in Finland. In 2007, an immigrant from Iran was arrested and tortured by police in Pasila city. The victim suffered several fractures as police beat him to accept false charges leveled against him. Ironically, the officer responsible for the beating was only sentenced to 80 days of job suspension (Balko 2012). The same police brutality issues are common in Indonesia. As opposed to other countries, in Indonesia the problem is fueled by religious differences. Muslims living in the country are seen as criminals, and thus are the most targeted by the law enforcers. A suspect from Musl im religion, if arrested, is killed on the spot (Campbell, Chidester, and Bell Royer 2004). Police brutalities directed to journalists involved in the coverage of these events have also been reported. In 2012, police beat a journalist for attempting to take a video as they tortured a civilian. In the same year, police officers opened fire on Muslim demonstrators killing five people and injuring several others (Balko 2012). Indonesia lacks an independent body to handle complaints of police misconduct, thus most officers escape without facing the law. Egypt is another good example of countries that police brutality is common. Allegedly, the number of police officers is inadequate to control the ever-rising population, which is one of the reasons why the police officers have resulted in using force to contain criminal acts. However, this assertion is only an excuse to divert the attention of the international community from demanding an explanation to some of these matters. The most m emorable incident involving police misconduct in the country occurred in 2011 when citizens took to the streets pushing for police reforms. The demonstrators engaged police in running battles for over an hour until the officers opened fire killing hundreds of them and injuring many others. Conclusion Police brutality is a major problem facing almost every country in the world. Cases involving police misconduct are on the increase despite efforts by various human rights activists to curb the situation. There has been reluctance by some nations in adopting universal human rights standards that will be applicable in all countries worldwide. For example, the United States and Somalia have downplayed regional and international treaties brought forth in an effort to terminate this problem. Clear laws governing the conduct of police ought to be adopted and applied in each country across the world. In addition, there should be well-defined penalties for officers found guilty of mistreating members of the public. Reference List Balko, R 2012, ‘Why are there no good data on police use of force’, Huffington Post, Nov. 12. Web. Bennett, W Livingston, S 2003, ‘Editors’ Introduction: A semi-independent press: government control and journalistic autonomy in the political construction of news’,  Political Communication,  vol.20 no.4, pp. 359-362. Campbell, S, Chidester, P, Bell, J Royer, J 2004, ‘Remote control: How mass media delegitimize rioting as social protest’,  Race, Gender Class, vol. 11 no. 1, pp.158-176. Davis, P 1994, ‘Rodney King and the decriminalization of police brutality in America: direct and judicial access to the grand jury as remedies for victims of police brutality when the prosecutor declines to prosecute’,  Maryland Law Review, vol.53 no.2, pp. 271 – 357. Gahary, D 2013, Police brutality a common occurrence across America. Web. Medina, J 2012, ‘In years since the riots, a changed complexion in South Central’, The  New York Times, April 24, p. 46. Ritchie, A Mogul, L 2007, In the shadows of the war on terror: persistent police  brutality and abuse of people of color in the United States. Web. Segan, S 2013, ‘What is excessive force’, ABC News. Web. Troutt, D 1999, ‘Screws, Koon, and routine aberrations: The use of fictional narratives in federal police brutality prosecutions’, NYU Law Review, vol. 74 no.1, pp. 18 -122. Villalobos, J 2011, ‘Promises and human rights: The Obama Administration on immigrant detention policy reform’.  Race, Gender Class,  vol. 18 no.2, pp.151-170. Westmarland, L 2005, ‘Police ethics and integrity: Breaking the blue code of silence’,  Policing and Society,  vol. 15 no.2, pp.145-165. This essay on Excessive force by the police was written and submitted by user P0rter to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Impact The Media Has On Americas Understanding Of The Governmental Process essays

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Organizational Change Management in Nokia - Research Paper Example The reasons of failure could be market competitors â€Å"Samsung† and could be the old trends of business, which have restrained Nokia from true organizational success.   The Trends to be Adapted Talking about the trends of the business especially organizations, which are on the technological side include, innovation, advancement, modification and sustainability (Mohin, 2012). Firms that are operating on the mass global level are in the trench of such modern business trends. Firms especially in the mobile phone sector are marching up with such technology and advancement. Actually, the soul of such trends relate to the perception of the modern customer, which expects advancement, innovation and modification in all the products and services (Woo, 2013). Present organizations such as Apple, Samsung, Sony or HTC are moving up with modern business trends (Woo, 2013). The organizations understand that their secret of success lies behind the prevailing business trends. To progress, to compete or to accelerate in the globalized business order, organizations have identified such contemporary trends as effective compellers. Actually, consumers are more familiar with modernization and hence they want to see things changing in the business order too. For such reason, the demand is of those companies, which have the concept of change, innovation and modification. These have become the essentials of business operation- essentials of progress and succession (Mohin, 2012). The concept of a smartphone first introduced by Apple and then the Samsung’s Android phone are the major examples of innovation. This innovation, which has become the delight of modern consumers has been thoroughly adapted within the organizations’ systems (Woo, 2013). The same is what is expected from Nokia - a company, which remained in the old trends and not able to define technology in the right innovative sense (Cheng, 2012). They tried to stay on ultra cheap with and hence not ab le to meet innovation and technological grounds. The innovative concept of Samsung Galaxy X is what brought Nokia to a threat. This is where the gap of trend was there, and hence, Nokia was not able to pick the track of progression (Mohin, 2012). Furthermore, the trend of CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility), which is the trend of other mobile leader companies, as well also seemed lost in the Nokia operation (Cheng, 2012). Samsung one of the trademark companies has adopted the practices of green and green management (Krames, 2005). This is for sustaining resources for the future and for the Corporate Social Responsibility objective. Meanwhile, organizations when they have the leadership, the vision and ideology they work in such social business norms. They know that to survive for future generations that have to imply such valuable social trends. All such trends are followed by the trend-setting organizations and hence need to be adapted by lagging organizations such as Nokia Corpo ration. Actually, Corporate Social Responsibility and even any new business trend come from the leadership and the culture of the organization.

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Controlling Obesity in Canada Public Health Policy: Controlling Obesity in Canada The World Health Organisation defined health in its constitution as â€Å"a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.† (WHO, 1946) The health of an individual is affected by multiple factors like personal hygiene, access to health care, socio-economics, genetics, living and working environment. The term public health is used for the efforts which are made to promote individuals health. Public health The field of Public health can be described as the science of wellness of society, community or an organisation by disease prevention to promote health by collective efforts and choices of a society. Public health is different from medicine as it is mainly concerned with the promotion of health and well-being of a society not by treating the sick but by preventing the spread of a co-morbidity or morbidity. The community benefited by public health department can be of any size. Promotion of health involves multidisciplinary approach involving other fields of community medicine like epidemiology, economics, biostatistics, behavioural sciences, healthcare providers, public policy, environmental health, community health and occupational safety. (Winslow and Amory, 1920). By using health indicators as a source of information about the health status of a society public health increases the health of the society by preventing the diseases and promoting a healthy life style. Public health measures can be exemplified as hand washing, use of condoms, breast feeding, promoting hygiene, vaccination, promoting exercise, use of boiled water etc. Public health ethics Public health decreases the cost of healthcare by preventing the diseases keeping in view the ethics and norms of a society. While implementing a health policy there can be a conflict of some moral issues and restrict the choice of living for an individual. For an individual a policy may appear to have some negative effects but if we see society as a whole it proves beneficial. The ethics and mortalities are incorporated in the field of medical practice, health policies and medical research. With the advancement in the field of science, the study of application of moral values ethics by the scientists lead to formation of a new discipline called bioethics and medical ethics. Medical ethics are taken into consideration while making a health policy by public health departments worldwide. This subsidiary is called public health ethics. Public health policy The Nuffield Bioethics Council has identified following ethical and moral points that should be taken into consideration while making a health policy. A policy should have following characteristics: Produce health benefits Prevent health morbidities Encourage participation and distributes its benefits to all factions of the society without disparities Be founded on the principles of justice and transparency Respect individuals liberty of action Respect individuals privacy, confidentiality, respect minorities and universal human rights Build and maintain trust (The Nuffield Bioethics Council) Besides this the any health policy must be implemented by government involving the public sector and third party approach. Unlike developed countries developing countries still lack the monetary resources and trained staff in their public health departments. Fundamentals of Public Health Policy While forming a public health policy first there should be evidence of the cause of the disease. The evidences in this case are authentic peer review research works. After that there is scientific assessment of the risks, cost estimation and transparency. Obesity Obesity A Cause Of Many Diseases Obesity is proved to be a main cause of increase in mortalities as it causes many co morbidities. (David et al. 1999) But the good thing is that obesity is a preventable morbidity. Obesity increases the risk of a list of diseases which are beyond the scope of this paper. To be concise obesity increases the risk of ischemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus type 2, infertility, stroke, osteoarthritis and many more. Libraries are stuffed with the research reviews suggesting obesity as a cause of different diseases. Since 1980 the individuals suffering from obesity has been doubled as in 2008, 1.4 billion adults and 40 million children have been found to be suffering from obesity. (EASO, 2014) Obesity In Canada In Canada 50% adults are obese or over weight. In the years 1981-1996 obesity among children ages seven to 13 has tripled. The percentage of obesity in agults is increasing since 1978. Till 2007 the percentage grew from 15% to 29%. (Statistics Canada, 2009) and if this keep on growing then by 2040 70% of the adult Canadian population will be obese. Obesity costs Canadas economy $2.7 billion and the health care system $1.6 billion in 2000-01. From 1985 to 2000 about 57,000 deaths in Canada were caused by obesity. (Katzmarzyk, Ardern. 2004) Recommended Health Policy For Obesity Controlling obesity will require some drastic measures by the government as the problem is so adverse and will become worse in the future. The government have to implement such measures that address a large group of population. Following are my recommendation about controlling obesity in Canadian population. Hate Obesity Education Campaign Government must launch an effective campaign for increasing the awareness about obesity among individual this can be implemented by organising seminars, workshops and lectures in schools, colleges, universities, work places and in community gathering. By involving teachers and mothers this strategy can be proved very effective, one proposal from my side is the labelling of food products which are high in fats and calories. We can label the amount of product which can be taken by an individual in a day. â€Å"Hate Obesity† campaign will be very helpful by affective advertisement by out health department like we conduct no smoking campaign. Food Policy Food policy should be reviewed particularly regarding the increase in use of junk food and canned food. Over the years the population is increasingly more attracted toward the junk food. The food companies must me taken under taken under regulation and they must provide the information about food ingredients and calories to their consumer. This would be very hard for the government due to immense revnue and tax they generate. Huge motivation and courage at the government side is needed to control this elephant. Promotion of Physical Activity According to recent research majority of children and adults donot fit in the international guideline of physical activity. One of the reson is the access to the playground and parks. This would need some huge funding from the government for providing these facilities. Moreover private organisations can be involved to provide the oppurtunities to their workers like physical fitness competitions and benefits against the physical fitness. This also need regulations and legislation. Politicians and civil society can come up with a solution to this problem. Promotion of Home Made Diet The use of premade food is a very unhealthy culture growing in our society. Community awareness program for the mothers can be conducted to educatye the mothers. If mothers are convinced that obesity is a disease not an ordinary problem then this fear can be used to promote home made food. The people must know what they are eating. The choice of food to eat must be in the hands of the motrhers References Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization. (1946) Winslow and Amory. (1920). The Untilled Fields of Public Health. Science. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/51/1306/23 The Nuffield Bioethics Council. 2007  www.nuffieldbioethics.org David B. Allison, PhD; Kevin R. Fontaine, PhD; JoAnn E. Manson, MD, DrPH; June Stevens, PhD; Theodore B. VanItallie, MD. Annual Deaths Attributable to Obesity in the United States. (1999) Ontario obesity reaches epidemic proportions  November 24, 2004, Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. Katzmarzyk PT Ardern CI. Overweight and obesity mortality trends in Canada 1985-2000. Canadian Journal of Public Health. 2004. European Association of Study of Obesity. Obesity Facts Figures. 2014.  http://easo.org/obesity-facts-figures Statistics Canada, Canadian Community Health Survey, 2009, 2010. Le Petit C, Berthelot JM. Obesity: A Growing Issue. Statistics Canada. 2005 Adult Vaccination: An Important Step in Protecting Your Health (2014)  http://www.cdc.gov/features/VaccinesChronicConditions Rankin, S. H., Stallings, K. D., London, F. (2005). Patient education in health and illness. London: Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury :: Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451

In the 1950 novel Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury presents the now familiar images of mind controlled worlds. People now live in a world where they are blinded from the truth of the present and the past. The novel is set in the, perhaps near, future where the world is in war, and firemen set fires instead of putting them out. Books and written knowledge is banned from the people, and it is the firemen’s job to burn books. Firemen are now the policemen of this time. Some people have rebelled by hiding books, but have not been very successful. Most people have conformed to this world. Guy Montag, a fireman, is a part of the majority who have conformed. Throughout the novel Montag goes through a transformation, where he changes from a Conformist to a Revolutionary. Guy Montag has never questioned his job before the day he met Clarisse McClellan. This is the first time where Montag is confronted with the idea that, he doesn’t understand the whole truth about books. Monta g meets Clarisse as he is one day walking home from work, and they strike up a conversation. During their conversation Montag is questioned why books are illegal and why firemen burn the books. She also asks him if he had ever read any of the books that he burned. His reply was that it is against the law. Clarisse even asks, "… long ago [did] firemen put fires out instead of going to start them?"(Fahrenheit 451, page 38) Montag replies by telling her that that is nonsense, and that "Houses have always been fireproof,…"(Fahrenheit 451, page 38) Here you can see how brainwashed and blinded the truth is for the people. Clarisse says good night to Montag, and right before she leaves she asks him, "Are you happy?"(Fahrenheit 451, page39) Before Montag can reply Clarisse is gone, and she leaves Montag pondering her question. As he tells himself that her question was nonsense, he starts to realize that he is not happy with his life. Someone else who changed Montag’s thinking, changed it by their actions not by tell him anything. One day the firemen got a call with an address of someone who was hiding books. The firemen, doing their job like always, went to the house to find the books and burn them. When they got there they had found the books, but when they went to burn them the person who owned the books would not leave them.

Acting White Essay

Bill Cosby puts all African Americans in the category of ignorant and ghetto, living in the lower class. In the text he often attacks single mothers with no father in the household. Also, he attacks innocent children with bad parenting. I believe Cosby makes such statements because most of them are true. Even though I am a part of the minority or lower class I strongly agree and disagree with Cosby’s remarks. That’s because it is a high percentage of black households that are ignorant like Cosby is saying, but all are not financially able. Cosby reflects on lower economic people are not holding up their end in this deal. His meaning is lower class people are not parenting. This argument is true and false, some lower class parents are whether it taking working 2 or 3 jobs or leaving there children with a babysitter to provide for their family. Some parents aren’t even trying leaving their children in the homes with no food or clothing. Cosby state’s where the fathers in our heritage are and I agree with his statement because African American has percentages of fathers not in their children’s lives. Most fathers don’t even have the chance either being incarcerated or mothers not having any type of relationship with them because the lacks of financial help with the children. In my hometown of Akron, I see examples of this problem everyday, signs posted with fathers name and how much owed back on child support. People putting their clothes on backward: Isn’t that a sign of something gone wrong? Hats worn on backwards, pants down around the crack isn’t that a sign of something? Cosby makes impairment statements in his text. I agree it is something wrong with it but the African American society accepts it. Also, we see it on television in rappers, singers, actors and athletes so it isn’t acceptable to change. Like a cold this is the most common symptom in the black community. I see young toddlers all the way to grown men with their pants below their crack everyday in my hometown as well as other cities. I even see it in places it shouldn’t be seen at public and private universities. At my University, central state, I see this problem is all over the United States and change hasn’t yet been implemented. Bill Cosby states we have millionaire professional athletes such as football and basketball players who can’t read or write two paragraphs. I don’t agree with this statement, I am a student athlete and I can read and write paragraphs I’m pretty sure it’s more athletes with reading and writing skills. Also states most African Americans have names like Shaniqua, Taliqua and Mohammad, this is true we as a people have made our names acceptable to society, so employers will take us more serious. Cosby makes a critical statement in the text â€Å"The idea is to one day get out of the projects. You don’t just stay there. † This statement is why I agree mostly with him. Most African Americans are living just to get by and not striving for excellence or even at least a Middle class lifestyle and it has been this way for decades. Last, the statement I agree with the most was â€Å"we cannot blame white people†. This statement is so true; African Americans tend to blame white people for their faults. I feel that we can’t blame people anymore because we have the same freedom and rights as them we live in a country where all are treated equal. In my hometown kids shoplifted in the malls and parents are called because their child is in the juvenile delinquency home. The parents often raging at the police, as Cosby says why your child is stealing for anyway, we can’t be so quick to blame whites responsibility has to be on oneself or bad parenting. I agree 100% with Cosby’s remarks because most of them were true. For African American people to disagree with such statements, we have to live up to higher standards and quit settling for less.

Free Essays on Identities

Who am I? This is a brief six-letter question that has a complex and inner woven answer. A person’s identity is composed of many intricate and multifaceted identities. To define an individual’s identity is to examine the plurality of identity and how they collectively create â€Å"who you are† on the basis of culture, religion, personal factors, education, class and the tendency of shifting identities supported by the works of Ahmed, DuBois, and Maalouf. Culture is the shared beliefs, religious values, language, customs, practices, and social behavior of a particular nation or people. This sense of belonging to a culture directly affects a person’s identity. Someone’s speech, dress, manners and social interactions are a direct result of cultural influence. Maalouf uses the example of identical twins being separated at birth and raised in two different cultures. Although genetically identical, when reunited as adults, they may differ in their style of clothing, language, values, morals and more. Culture directly affects an individual’s identity by setting social standards and â€Å"norms†. No matter what the culture, people have the desire to conform. Each culture has its own â€Å"norms† which people will conform to for social approval and acceptance. Individuals and their identities are representations of their culture. For example, in our Western culture, a bare foot girl wearing a toga on the street would be considered a social non-conformist, whereas, a socially acceptable girl in jeans and a Gap sweater is characterized as the cultural â€Å"norm†. Religion is an aspect of culture that is typically passed down through generations. Parents of faith most often raise their children in their own religion and spiritual beliefs. It could be said the religious choice a parent makes on behalf of their unborn children forms at a very early age an element of identity that is representative of the parent’s and their culture. In... Free Essays on Identities Free Essays on Identities Who am I? This is a brief six-letter question that has a complex and inner woven answer. A person’s identity is composed of many intricate and multifaceted identities. To define an individual’s identity is to examine the plurality of identity and how they collectively create â€Å"who you are† on the basis of culture, religion, personal factors, education, class and the tendency of shifting identities supported by the works of Ahmed, DuBois, and Maalouf. Culture is the shared beliefs, religious values, language, customs, practices, and social behavior of a particular nation or people. This sense of belonging to a culture directly affects a person’s identity. Someone’s speech, dress, manners and social interactions are a direct result of cultural influence. Maalouf uses the example of identical twins being separated at birth and raised in two different cultures. Although genetically identical, when reunited as adults, they may differ in their style of clothing, language, values, morals and more. Culture directly affects an individual’s identity by setting social standards and â€Å"norms†. No matter what the culture, people have the desire to conform. Each culture has its own â€Å"norms† which people will conform to for social approval and acceptance. Individuals and their identities are representations of their culture. For example, in our Western culture, a bare foot girl wearing a toga on the street would be considered a social non-conformist, whereas, a socially acceptable girl in jeans and a Gap sweater is characterized as the cultural â€Å"norm†. Religion is an aspect of culture that is typically passed down through generations. Parents of faith most often raise their children in their own religion and spiritual beliefs. It could be said the religious choice a parent makes on behalf of their unborn children forms at a very early age an element of identity that is representative of the parent’s and their culture. In...

Free Essays on Rousseau’s Inequality Among Men

Rousseau’s Inequality Among Men Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s â€Å"Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality Among Men,† gives an insightful way to view the way inequality an injustice came about and how we should respond to it. His discourse is, more or less, a critique of the social contract as viewed by some of his constituents. Rousseau agreed with John Locke and Thomas Hobbes on varying ideas regarding the state of nature and the social contract, but his ideas of a social contract are different in many ways. In this essay I will explain Rousseau’s view of human nature, his ideas of private property, and how a civil society came into place and the impact this had. Rousseau did not feel that the state of nature was all that natural. He questions if there ever even was a state of nature and if there was, how do we get back to it. He states that the ‘Holy Scriptures’ mention the first man was given enlightenment and precepts immediately from God and Moses never spoke of this state of nature (414). However, Rousseau does agree with John Locke that all humans are born free and autonomous. Unlike Locke, he feels that there is no reason in the state of nature and that moral or political inequality is not authorized by natural law. Like Hobbes, Rousseau thought that a condition outside of society contains no morality. Rousseau felt that virtues, or natural goods, did exist in the state of nature and two virtues existed prior to reason. He felt that self-preservation and compassion for others were the two natural virtues that existed in the state of nature. Unfortunately, these virtues are altered as we enter a social contract. Ac cording to Rousseau this occurs because Human Nature is malleable. Rousseau’s view of private property gives a better look at how the civil society was created. He did not feel that society was natural rather that the simplicity of the ‘noble-savage’ was preferred to society. ... Free Essays on Rousseau’s Inequality Among Men Free Essays on Rousseau’s Inequality Among Men Rousseau’s Inequality Among Men Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s â€Å"Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality Among Men,† gives an insightful way to view the way inequality an injustice came about and how we should respond to it. His discourse is, more or less, a critique of the social contract as viewed by some of his constituents. Rousseau agreed with John Locke and Thomas Hobbes on varying ideas regarding the state of nature and the social contract, but his ideas of a social contract are different in many ways. In this essay I will explain Rousseau’s view of human nature, his ideas of private property, and how a civil society came into place and the impact this had. Rousseau did not feel that the state of nature was all that natural. He questions if there ever even was a state of nature and if there was, how do we get back to it. He states that the ‘Holy Scriptures’ mention the first man was given enlightenment and precepts immediately from God and Moses never spoke of this state of nature (414). However, Rousseau does agree with John Locke that all humans are born free and autonomous. Unlike Locke, he feels that there is no reason in the state of nature and that moral or political inequality is not authorized by natural law. Like Hobbes, Rousseau thought that a condition outside of society contains no morality. Rousseau felt that virtues, or natural goods, did exist in the state of nature and two virtues existed prior to reason. He felt that self-preservation and compassion for others were the two natural virtues that existed in the state of nature. Unfortunately, these virtues are altered as we enter a social contract. Ac cording to Rousseau this occurs because Human Nature is malleable. Rousseau’s view of private property gives a better look at how the civil society was created. He did not feel that society was natural rather that the simplicity of the ‘noble-savage’ was preferred to society. ...

Culture of Ecuador Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Culture of Ecuador - Essay Example The developing country in South America in the Western hemisphere, Ecuador is a country in which underdevelopment has been a feature of the political landscape in the post-independence period, in which subsistence is the norm and poverty runs rampant. Situated in north-west South America and bordering Columbia and Peru, Ecuador remains poverty-stricken and effectively removed from the forces of economic globalization which has come to characterize the developed West world. Seeking to address the history of this country as well as provide a social study of Ecuador today, this essay will begin with an introduction to this Latin American nation and follow with an analysis of the history and ethnic relations of Ecuador, the food and economy as well as the religious and political situation in Ecuador today. Seeking to provide as holistic an analysis as possible, we conclude with a concise overview of each issue studied and provide a comprehensive conclusion regarding the Ecuadorian condit ion today. Introduction Nicknamed the Light of America, Ecuador is a Spanish-speaking country in Latin America which shares relatively secure borders with Peru and Columbia as well as has direct access to the Pacific coast. Although originally, inhabited by the Amerindian Quitu, Caras and Incan people, Ecuador today is inhabited by a mix mestizo, Amerindian and European populations. Centered in the colonial capital of Quito, Ecuador history is fascinating and a brief overview of the history of this small nation is necessary in order to full situate the country within a larger historical context.

Emerging leadership theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Emerging leadership theories - Essay Example However, Greenleaf believes that there must be a soul of the organization that does not change and is always there to help people with the change. This unchanging core that helps should be the core principles of the organization and should be determined by laws that are predetermined and are universal (Greenleaf & Spears, 2001). According to Greenleaf (2001), servant leaders live by the conscience which is the inward sense of what is morally right and wrong. The difference is that other leadership styles including servant work but the one that always endures is servant. The Servant leader has learned how to respect others and yet work toward organizational goals. The vision of that leadership is often integral to the character of that person. For example, the leader may believe that "I do Servant leadership because that is who I am." (Bell & Habel, 2009). In Servant leadership one would have a basic set of values which they would always use. In comparison, Full Range Leadership Theory (FRLT) is a rendition of the Transformational leadership style which affects the nine dimensions of leadership behavior. Transformation leadership as well as FRLT is very popular leadership styles at this time. This type of leadership is about charisma and the ability to move people forward because they want to work for you. Transformational leadership according to the literature works (Northouse, 2010), but is it as Greenleaf asks, enduring The answer to that is not really known at this time due it being a farily new style. Ethical leadership is the ability to understand ones core values and to use them to lead and advance the common good. Thos leaders that are concerned with ethical leadership have a core value of integrity. They find who they are and then the reach out and develop a vision as to how the world could be different and then use their voice to help change it. They also lead by example using values, vision, voice and virtue (ethicaleadership.org, 2010). These three leadership styles do have some things that are alike and some that are different. Each one has a dimension of moving the organization forward by helping employees to understand "get aboard the train" where the organization needs to go and why. In all three cases, the employees want to follow these leaders so they do. Transformational or FRLT leaders have charisma which makes them well liked by the staff and therefore the staff likes to work for them. Ethical leaders are always doing what is needed for the common good so the staff feels cared for and in Servant leadership, it is all about the staff but from the perspective of a leader who has strong core values and is the stable part of any change. A Situation Leadership in nursing must deal with many things. It is a field of caring and sometimes in a task environment that is forgotten. That can and does happen easily when one of our own is in need. Leadership then becomes more important than ever. In this case, the nurse was diverting drugs. At first, this is a strongly ethical issue for us that are quite difficult to figure out. One must remember, however, that a Servant leader has a strong core that does not change, even